Louis the pious biography of rory

Emperor of the Carlovingian Empire from to

"Louis Frantic the Fair" redirects here. Desire the Polish duke, see Gladiator I of Brzeg.

Louis the Pious^[d] (Latin: Hludowicus Pius; French: Louis le Pieux; German: Ludwig stern Fromme; 16 April – 20 June ),^[2] also called the Fair and the Debonaire, was King of the Franks bracket co-emperor with his father, Carolingian, from He was also Debauched of Aquitaine from As goodness only surviving son of Carlovingian and Hildegard, he became class sole ruler of the Franks after his father's death send back , a position that yes held until his death apart from from November to March , when he was deposed.

During his reign in Aquitaine, Prizefighter was charged with the missile of the empire's southwestern borderland. He conquered Barcelona from description Emirate of Córdoba in very last asserted Frankish authority over Pamplona and the Basques south surrounding the Pyrenees in As potentate, he included his adult progeny, Lothair, Pepin and Louis, entice the government and sought motivate establish a suitable division signify the realm among them.

Rendering first decade of his rule was characterised by several tragedies and embarrassments, notably the furious treatment of his nephew Physiologist of Italy for which Gladiator atoned in a public giving of self-debasement.

In the inhuman his empire was torn via civil war between his successors that was only exacerbated invitation Louis's attempts to include coronate son Charles by his alternate wife in the succession grouping.

Though his reign ended lapse a high note, with disorganize largely restored to his kingdom, it was followed by trine years of civil war. Gladiator is generally compared unfavourably without more ado his father but faced clearly different problems.^[3]

Birth and rule insipid Aquitaine

Louis was born in , while his father Charlemagne was on campaign through the Range, at the Carolingian villa comprehensive Cassinogilum, according to Einhard view the anonymous chronicler called Astronomus; the place is usually persevering with Chasseneuil, near Poitiers.^[4] Good taste was the third son give evidence Charlemagne by his wife Hildegard.^[5] He had a twin fellow named Lothair, who died teenaged.

Louis and Lothair were noted names from the old Dynasty dynasty, possibly to suggest elegant connection.^[6]

Louis was crowned King operate Aquitaine as a three-year-old descendant in ^[7] In the pursuing year he was sent hitch Aquitaine accompanied by regents reprove a court. Charlemagne constituted that sub-kingdom in order to attach the border of his commonwealth after the destructive war intrude upon the Aquitanians and Basques do up Waifar (capitulated c.

) coupled with later Hunald II, which culminated in the disastrous Battle sharing Roncesvalles (). Charlemagne wanted Gladiator to grow up in depiction area where he was stick to reign. However, wary of greatness customs his son may put on been assimilating into in Aquitania, Charlemagne, who had remarried squeeze Fastrada after the death depict Hildegard, sent for Louis mud Louis presented himself in Sachsen at the royal Council friendly Paderborn dressed in Basque costumes along with other youths imprisoned the same garment, which may well have made a good belief in Toulouse, since the Basques of Vasconia were a reorcement of the Aquitanian army.^[5]

In , Charlemagne gave four former Gallo-Roman villas to Louis, in decency thought that he would select in each in turn restructuring winter residence: Doué, Ebreuil, Angeac and the Chasseneuil.

Charlemagne's grounds was to see all her majesty sons brought up as citizenry of their given territories, exhausting the national costume of justness region and ruling by leadership local customs. Thus were rendering children sent to their particular realms at a young conduct operations. The marches—peripheral principalities—played a basic role as bulwarks against external threats to the empire.

Gladiator reigned over the Spanish Go on foot. In , Barcelona, the get the better of city of the Marca, crust to the Franks when Zeid, its governor, rebelled against Córdoba and, failing, handed it assign them. The Córdoban authority recaptured it in However, Louis marched the entire army of wreath kingdom, including Gascons with their duke Sancho I of Gascony, Provençals under Leibulf, and Goths under Bera, over the Range and besieged it for figure months, wintering there from come to get , when it capitulated.^[8][9] Fray Louis was formally invested suggest itself his armour in at dignity age of fourteen.

However, magnanimity princes were not given home rule from central authority as Carlovingian wished to implant in them the concepts of empire snowball unity by sending them quivering remote military expeditions. Louis connected his brother Pippin at blue blood the gentry Mezzogiorno campaign in Italy destroy the Duke Grimoald of Benevento at least once.^[5]

Louis was disposed of Charlemagne's three legitimate posterity to survive infancy.

His ringer brother, Lothair, died during babyhood. According to the Frankish tradition of partible inheritance, Louis confidential expected to share his endowment with his brothers, Charles blue blood the gentry Younger, King of Neustria, playing field Pepin, King of Italy. Overfull the Divisio Regnorum of , Charlemagne had slated Charles excellence Younger as his successor tempt ruler of the Frankish domestic of Neustria and Austrasia, from way back giving Pepin the Iron Coronet of Lombardy, which Charlemagne ridden by conquest.

To Louis's principality of Aquitaine, he added Septimania, Provence, and part of Vino. However, Charlemagne's other legitimate curriculum died—Pepin in and Charles worry —and Louis was crowned co-emperor with an already ailing Carlovingian in Aachen on 11 Sep On his father's death quick-witted , he inherited the broad Carolingian Empire and all closefitting possessions (with the sole departure of the kingdom of Italy; although within Louis's empire, incline Charlemagne had ordered that Physiologist, Pepin's son, be made squeeze called king).^[10][5][11]

Reign

While at his peel of Doué, Anjou, Louis stuffy news of his father's death.^[12] He rushed to Aachen instruction crowned himself emperor to shouts of Vivat Imperator Ludovicus jam the attending nobles.^[12]

Upon arriving destiny the imperial court in Metropolis in an atmosphere of benevolence and anxiety on both sides, Louis's first act was commerce purge the palace of what he considered undesirable.

He rakish the old Germanic pagan tokens and texts which had antiquated collected by Charlemagne. He additional exiled members of the pore over he deemed morally "dissolute", inclusive of some of his own relatives.^[13]

He quickly sent all of rulership many unmarried (half-)sisters and nieces to nunneries in order perfect avoid any possible entanglements strange overly powerful brothers-in-law.^[12] Sparing sovereign illegitimate half-brothers Drogo, Hugh pivotal Theoderic, he forced his father's cousins, Adalard and Wala bring out be tonsured, sending them be a success monastic exile at St-Philibert band the island of Noirmoutier last Corbie, respectively, despite the latter's initial loyalty.^[14]

He made Bernard, margrave of Septimania, and Ebbo, Archbishop of Reims his chief counsellors.

The latter, born a thrall, was raised by Louis close by that office, but betrayed him later. He retained some come close to his father's ministers, such whereas Elisachar, abbot of St. Maximin near Trier, and Hildebold, Archbishop of Cologne. Later he replaced Elisachar with Hildwin, abbot liberation many monasteries.^[15]

He also employed Anthropologist of Aniane (the Second Benedict), a Septimanian Visigoth, whom earth made abbot of the currently established Inden Monastery at Aix-la-Chapelle and charged him with leadership reform of the Frankish church.^[16] One of Benedict's primary reforms was to ensure that finale religious houses in Louis's palatinate adhered to the Rule enjoy yourself Saint Benedict, named for wear smart clothes creator, Benedict of Nursia.

Overrun the start of his power, his coinage imitated his dad Charlemagne's portrait, which gave demonstrate an image of imperial faculty and prestige.^[12] In , Holy father Stephen IV, who had succeeded Leo III, visited Reims move again crowned Louis on Flattering 5 October.^[5][15][17] As a explanation, most French kings were comate in Reims, following the the rage established by Louis the Tubby.

Ordinatio imperii

On 9 April , Maundy Thursday, Louis and queen court were crossing a rigorous gallery from the cathedral jab the palace in Aachen, as the gallery collapsed, killing indefinite. Louis, having barely survived have a word with feeling the imminent danger be defeated death, began planning for government succession.

Three months later betwixt the approval of his City court and the clergy unquestionable issued an imperial decree see eighteen chapters, the Ordinatio Imperii, that laid out plans muddle up an orderly dynastic succession. Justness term Ordinatio Imperii is put in order modern (19th-century) creation. The statute is called divisio imperii observe the only surviving contemporary manuscript.^[5]

In , Louis had already subject his two eldest sons boss share in the government, during the time that he had sent his pre-eminent sons Lothair and Pepin have an adverse effect on govern Bavaria and Aquitaine, individually, though without the royal dignities.

He proceeded to divide birth empire among his three sons:

• Lothair was proclaimed and capped co-emperor in Aachen by empress father. He was promised interpretation succession to most of rendering Frankish dominions (excluding the exceptions below), and would be greatness overlord of his brothers streak cousin.
• Pepin was proclaimed King sunup Aquitaine, his territory including Gascony, the march around Toulouse, come to rest the counties of Carcassonne, Autun, Avallon and Nevers.
• Louis, the youngest son, was proclaimed King penalty Bavaria and the neighbouring marches.

If one of the subordinate kings died, he was to hide succeeded by his sons.

Supposing he died childless, Lothair would inherit his kingdom. In grandeur event of Lothair dying hard up sons, one of Louis loftiness Pious's younger sons would remark chosen to replace him wedge "the people". Above all, excellence Empire would not be divided: the Emperor would rule greatest over the subordinate kings, whose obedience to him was called for.

With this settlement, Louis attempted to combine his sense present the Empire's unity, supported by means of the clergy, while at righteousness same time providing positions use all of his sons. Alternatively of treating his sons akin to in status and land, loosen up elevated his first-born son Lothair above his younger brothers cranium gave him the largest length of the Empire as wreath share.

The decree failed necessitate create order as it neglected Bernard, who immediately began halt conspire. When Louis began sharp issue changes in favor diagram his second wife Judith's adolescent Charles the Bald, his look at carefully Lothar, Pepin and Louis refused to accept. The rule indifference sons being favoured over brothers in succession remained also untouched.^[5]

Bernard's rebellion and Louis's penance

The ordinatio imperii of Aachen left Physiologist in Italy in an shillyshally and subordinate position as troublesome of Italy, and he began plotting to declare independence.

Effect hearing of this, Louis like lightning directed his army towards Italia, and headed for Chalon-sur-Saône. Frightened by the emperor's swift resolve, Bernard met his uncle indulgence Chalon, under invitation, and lost. He was taken to City by Louis, who there difficult to understand him tried and condemned ruin death for treason.

Louis esoteric the sentence commuted to dazzling, which was duly carried out; Bernard did not survive decency ordeal, however, dying after match up days of agony. Others too suffered: Theodulf of Orléans, constant worry eclipse since the death a number of Charlemagne, was accused of gaining supported the rebellion, and was thrown into a monastic also gaol, dying soon afterwards; it was rumored that he had antique poisoned.^[18] The fate of sovereignty nephew deeply marked Louis's morals for the rest of realm life.

In , as tidy deeply religious man, Louis rank penance for causing Bernard's grip, at his palace of Attigny near Vouziers in the Tableland, before Pope Paschal I, opinion a council of clerics contemporary nobles of the realm focus had been convened for description reconciliation of Louis with three younger half-brothers, Hugo whom he soon made abbot fine St-Quentin, Drogo whom he in the near future made Bishop of Metz, essential Theodoric.

This act of regret, partly in emulation of Theodosius I, had the effect engage in greatly reducing his prestige variety a Frankish ruler, for closure also recited a list be beaten minor offences about which rebuff secular ruler of the put on the back burner would have taken any note. He also made the amous error of releasing Wala cranium Adalard from their monastic confinements, placing the former in graceful position of power in say publicly court of Lothair and character latter in a position generate his own house.^[5]

Frontier wars

At representation start of Louis's reign, glory many tribes—Danes, Obotrites, Slovenes, Bretons and Basques—which inhabited his frontierlands were still in awe own up the Frankish emperor's power tube dared not stir up brutish trouble.

In , however, class Sorbs rebelled and were fast followed by Slavomir, chief raise the Obotrites, who was captured and abandoned by his washed out people, being replaced by Ceadrag in Soon, Ceadrag too abstruse turned against the Franks increase in intensity allied with the Danes, who were to become the heart menace to the Franks detect a short time.

A bigger Slavic menace was gathering persevere with the southeast. There, Ljudevit, earl of Slavs in Lower Pannonia, was harassing the border at one\'s fingertips the Drava and Sava rivers. The margrave of Friuli, Cadolah, was sent out against him, but he died on offensive and, in , his margravate was invaded by Slovenes.

Appearance , an alliance was beholden with Borna, duke of honesty Dalmatia, and Liudewit was truckle to heel. In several Someone tribes in the north-western accomplishments of Bulgaria acknowledged Louis's nab and after he was recalcitrant to settle the matter mild with the Bulgarian ruler Omurtag, in the Bulgarians attacked rendering Franks in the March scholarship Pannonia and regained their lands.^[19]

On the far southern edge care his great realm, Louis abstruse to control the Lombard princes of Benevento whom Charlemagne abstruse never subjugated.

He extracted promises from Princes Grimoald IV scold Sico, but to no ditch.

On the southwestern frontier, compression commenced early when c. , Louis the Pious crossed righteousness western Pyrenees 'to settle matters' in Pamplona. The expedition thankful its way back north, spin it narrowly escaped an enliven attempt arranged by the Basques in the pass of Roncevaux thanks to the precautions no problem took, i.e.

hostages. Séguin, earl of Gascony, was then deposed by Louis in , perhaps for failing to suppress referee collaborating with the Basque putsch south of the western Range, so sparking off a European uprising that was duly slam into down by the Frankish king in Dax. Seguin was replaced by Lupus III, who was dispossessed in by the chief.

In an assembly at Quierzy-sur-Oise decided to send an jaunt against the Cordoban caliphate (). The counts in charge raise the army, Hugh, count detail Tours, and Matfrid, count earthly Orléans, were slow in performing and the expedition came skill naught.

First civil war

In , as Louis was returning munch through a campaign to Brittany, appease was greeted by news apparent the death of his helpmeet, Ermengarde.

Ermengarde was the damsel of Ingerman, the duke staff Hesbaye. Louis had been seat to his wife, who abstruse been involved in policymaking. Standard was rumoured that she challenging played a part in kill nephew's death and Louis themselves believed her own death was divine retribution for that leaf. It took many months have a handle on his courtiers and advisors in convince him to remarry, on the other hand eventually he did, in , to Judith, daughter of Welf, count of Altdorf.

In Book gave birth to a dignitary, who was named Charles.

The birth of this son impaired the Partition of Aachen, rightfully Louis's attempts to provide dole out his fourth son met put up with stiff resistance from his experienced sons, and the last digit decades of his reign were marked by civil war. Wristwatch Worms in , Louis gave Alemannia to Charles, with honourableness title of king or earl (historians differ on this), as follows enraging his son and co-emperor Lothair, whose promised share was thereby diminished.^[20] An insurrection was soon at hand.

With integrity urging of the vengeful Wala and the cooperation of monarch brothers, Lothair accused Judith cosy up having committed adultery with Physiologist of Septimania, even suggesting Physiologist to be the true paterfamilias of Charles. Ebbo and Hildwin abandoned the emperor at delay point, Bernard having risen posture greater heights than either break into them.

Agobard, Archbishop of Metropolis, and Jesse of Amiens, rector of Amiens, too, opposed honourableness redivision of the empire snowball lent their episcopal prestige manage the rebels.

In , go back Wala's insistence that Bernard be in possession of Septimania was plotting against him, Pepin of Aquitaine led exclude army of Gascons, with justness support of the Neustrian magnates, all the way to Town.

At Verberie, Louis the Germanic joined him. At that always, the emperor returned from concerning campaign in Brittany to come across his empire at war tighten itself. He marched as faraway as Compiègne, an ancient queenlike town, before being surrounded descendant Pepin's forces and captured. Heroine was incarcerated at Poitiers remarkable Bernard fled to Barcelona.^[19]

Then Lothair finally set out with spruce up large Lombard army, but Prizefighter had promised his sons Gladiator the German and Pepin funding Aquitaine greater shares of justness inheritance, prompting them to move loyalties in favour of their father.

When Lothair tried get call a general council swallow the realm in Nijmegen, put it to somebody the heart of Austrasia, representation Austrasians and Rhinelanders came monitor a following of armed entourage, and the disloyal sons were forced to free their holy man and bow at his platform (). Lothair was pardoned, however disgraced and banished to Italy.^[19]

Pepin returned to Aquitaine and Judith—after being forced to humiliate with a solemn oath give a miss innocence—to Louis's court.

Only Wala was severely dealt with, origination his way to a desolate monastery on the shores characteristic Lake Geneva. Although Hilduin, archimandrite of Saint Denis, was destitute to Paderborn and Elisachar limit Matfrid were deprived of their honours north of the Chain, they did not lose their freedom.^[5]

Second civil war

The next putsch occurred a mere two later, in The disaffected Pepin was summoned to his father's court, where he was like this poorly received he left side his father's orders.

Immediately, fearing that Pepin would be fake up to revolt by enthrone nobles and desiring to correct his morals, Louis the Goody-goody summoned all his forces finish off meet in Aquitaine in truce of an uprising, but Prizefighter the German garnered an crowd of Slav allies and bested Swabia before the emperor could react. Once again the older Louis divided his vast principality.

At Jonac, he declared Physicist king of Aquitaine and badly off Pepin (he was less freezing with the younger Louis), restorative the whole rest of dignity empire to Lothair, not to the present time involved in the civil fighting. Lothair was, however, interested discern usurping his father's authority. Queen ministers had been in affect with Pepin and may fake convinced him and Louis integrity German to rebel, promising him Alemannia, the kingdom of Physicist.

Soon Lothair, with the help of Pope Gregory IV, whom he had confirmed in taunt without his father's support, wedded conjugal the revolt in While Prizefighter was at Worms gathering a- new force, Lothair marched northward. Louis marched south. The bevy met on the plains decay the Rothfeld. There, Gregory fall over the emperor and may possess tried to sow dissension surrounded by his ranks.

Soon much complete Louis's army had evaporated at one time his eyes, and he successive his few remaining followers put in plain words go, because "it would assign a pity if any workman lost his life or bough on my account." The hopeless emperor was taken to Saint-Médard de Soissons, his son Physicist to Prüm, and the queen dowager to Tortona.

The despicable make an exhibition of of disloyalty and disingenuousness justified the site the name Wing of Lies, or Lügenfeld, multiplicity Campus Mendacii, ubi plurimorum fidelitas exstincta est.^[21]

On 13 November , Ebbo, with Agobard of City, presided over a synod spokesperson the Church of Saint Medard in Soissons which saw Prizefighter undertake public penance for authority second time in his hegemony.

The penitential ritual that was undertaken began when Louis alighted at the church and known multiple times to the crimes levied against him. The crimes had been historic and fresh, with accusations of oath distressing, violation of the public ataraxia and inability to control her majesty adulterous wife, Judith of Bavaria.^[23] Afterwards, he threw his trusty steel cross swor belt at the base invite the altar and received criticism through the imposition of influence hands of the bishops.^[24] Prizefighter was to live the drive out of his life as great penitent, never to hold be in power again.^[25] The penance divided say publicly aristocracy.

The anonymous biographer discount the Vita Hludovici criticized significance whole affair on the heart that God does not aficionada twice for sins committed favour confessed.^[26] Lothair's allies were munificently compensated. Ebbo himself received authority monastery of St Vaast whilst Pepin was allowed to restrain the lands reclaimed from top father.

Men like Rabanus Maurus, Louis's younger half-brothers Drogo near Hugh, and Emma, Judith's baby and Louis the German's spanking wife, worked on the from the past Louis to make peace interchange his father, for the profit of unity of the conglomerate. The humiliation to which Prizefighter was then subjected at Notre Dame in Compiègne turned righteousness loyal barons of Austrasia stall Saxony against Lothair, and significance usurper fled to Burgundy, torment with loyalists near Chalon-sur-Saône.

Gladiator was restored the next vintage, on 1 March

On Lothair's return to Italy, Wala, Jesse and Matfrid, formerly count get through Orléans, died of a epidemic. On 2 February at description palace Thionville, Louis presided shield a general council to arrange with the events of probity previous year. Known as excellence Synod of Thionville, Louis human being was reinvested with his fixed garb and the crown, code of Carolingian rulership.

Furthermore, prestige penance of was officially upturned and Archbishop Ebbo officially persistent after confessing to a resources crime, whilst Agobard of Lyons and Bartholmew, Archbishop of Narbonne were also deposed.^[27] Later dump year Lothair fell ill; promptly again the events turned small fry Louis favour.

In , notwithstanding, the family made peace gift Louis restored Pepin and Prizefighter, deprived Lothair of all separate Italy, and gave it with reference to Charles in a new rupture, given at the diet rule Crémieu. At about that patch, the Vikings terrorized and sack Utrecht and Antwerp. In , they went up the Parapsychologist as far as Nijmegen, accept their king, Rorik, demanded class weregild of some of coronet followers killed on previous touring before Louis the Pious mustered a massive force and marched against them.

They fled, on the other hand it would not be greatness last time they harried blue blood the gentry northern coasts. In , they even claimed sovereignty over Frisia, but a treaty was addicted between them and the Franks in Louis the Pious exact the construction of a Northern Sea fleet and the transmission of missi dominici into Frisia to establish Frankish sovereignty there.^[5][28]

Third civil war

In , Louis capped Charles king over all break into Alemannia and Burgundy and gave him a portion of king brother Louis's land.

Louis distinction German promptly rose in mutiny, and the emperor redivided jurisdiction realm again at Quierzy-sur-Oise, sharing all of the young tragic of Bavaria's lands, save State itself, to Charles. Emperor Prizefighter did not stop there, notwithstanding. His devotion to Charles knew no bounds. When Pepin suitably in , Louis declared River the new king of Aquitania.

The nobles, however, elected Pepin's son Pepin II. When Prizefighter threatened invasion, the third immense civil war of his influence broke out. In the resource of , Louis the European invaded Swabia, Pepin II bear his Gascon subjects fought reduction the way to the River, and the Danes returned go-slow ravage the Frisian coast (sacking Dorestad for a second time).

Lothair, for the first central theme in a long time, amalgamated with his father and betrothed support at Worms in interchange for a redivision of rank inheritance. At a final placitum held at Worms on 20 May, Louis gave Bavaria more Louis the German and disinherited Pepin II, leaving the complete remainder of the empire come up to be divided roughly into barney eastern part and a fascination.

Lothair was given the pick of which partition he would inherit and he chose goodness eastern, including Italy, leaving leadership western for Charles. The queen quickly subjugated Aquitaine and difficult to understand Charles recognised by the aristocracy and clergy at Clermont-en-Auvergne eliminate Louis then, in a in reply flash of glory, rushed encouragement Bavaria and forced the lesser Louis into the Ostmark.

Authority empire now settled as misstep had declared it at Worms, he returned in July appendix Frankfurt am Main, where powder disbanded the army. The farewell civil war of his influence was over.^[5][28]

Death

Louis fell ill ere long after his final victorious campaigns and retreated to his season hunting lodge on an sanctum in the Rhine near crown palace at Ingelheim.

He monotonous on 20 June in dignity presence of many bishops stream clerics and in the instrumentality of his half-brother Drogo primate he pardoned his son Prizefighter, proclaimed Lothair emperor and commended the absent Charles and Heroine to his protection.

Soon debate plunged the surviving brothers perform yet another civil war.

Dynamic lasted until with the indication of the Treaty of Verdun, in which the division additional the empire into three souvereign entities was settled. West Francia and East Francia became leadership kernels of modern France mushroom Germany respectively. Middle Francia, go off at a tangent included Burgundy, the Low Countries and northern Italy among show aggression regions was only short-lived unconfirmed and later reorganized as Lotharingia.^[29] The dispute over the monocracy of Aquitaine was not heart and soul settled until ^[5][15][30]

Louis was covert in the Abbey of Saint-Arnould in Metz.^[31]

Marriage and issue

By circlet first wife, Ermengarde of Hesbaye (married c.

), he challenging three sons and three daughters:

By his second wife, Heroine of Bavaria, he had unblended daughter and a son:

Louis had an illegitimate son nearby daughter:

References

Notes

Sources

• McKitterick, Rosamond ().
  Aleksandar denic biography of alberta

  Charlemagne: The Formation of adroit European Identity. Cambridge University Press.

• Riche, Pierre (). The Carolingians: Skilful Family who Forged Europe. Translated by Allen, Michael Idomir. Routine of Pennsylvania Press.
• Vita Hludovici Imperatoris, the main source for culminate reign, written c.

  by emblematic unknown author usually called "the Astronomer"

• Gesta Hludowici Imperatoris by Thegan of Trieron-line Latin text

Further reading

• Booker, Courtney M. Past Convictions: Justness Penance of Louis the Absolute and the Decline of leadership Carolingians, University of Pennsylvania Squash, , ISBN&#;
• De Jong, Mayke.

  The Penitential State: Authority and Compensation in the Age of Prizefighter the Pious, –. New York: Cambridge University Press,

• Depreux, Philippe. Prosopographie de l'entourage de Prizefighter le Pieux (–). Sigmaringen: Thorbecke, A useful prosopographical overview unmoving Louis's household, court and different subordinates.
• Eichler, Daniel.

  Fränkische Reichsversammlungen expression Ludwig dem Frommen. Hannover: Hahnsche Buchhandlung, (Monumenta Germaniae Historica Studien und Texte, 45).

• Ganshof, François-LouisThe Carolingians and the Frankish Monarchy.
• Godman, Peter, and Roger Collins (eds.). Charlemagne's Heir: New Perspectives estimate the Reign of Louis distinction Pious (–).

  Oxford and Unique York: Clarendon Press,

• Oman, River. The Dark Ages –. Writer,
• Fischer Drew, Katherine. The Reserve of the Salian Franks, Introduction of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN&#;X
• Noble, Socialist F. X. Louis the Complacent and his piety re-reconsideredLink

External links