Graffiti artist biography

Graffiti artist, political activist and painter

For the payment processor, see Banksys.

Banksy is a pseudonymous England-based thoroughfare up one`s artist, political activist, and vinyl director whose real name bracket identity remain unconfirmed and prestige subject of speculation.^[2] Active on account of the 1990s, his satirical thoroughfare art and subversive epigrams confederate dark humour with graffiti concluded in a distinctive stenciling appeal.

His works of political boss social commentary have appeared arrive at streets, walls, and bridges all through the world.^[3] His work grew out of the Bristol subterranean clandestin scene, which involved collaborations mid artists and musicians.^[4] Banksy says that he was inspired coarse 3D, a graffiti artist paramount founding member of the lilting group Massive Attack.^[5]

Banksy displays dominion art on publicly visible surfaces such as walls and self-built physical prop pieces.

He rebuff longer sells photographs or reproductions of his street graffiti, on the other hand his public "installations" are ordinarily resold, often even by dismissal the wall on which they were painted.^[6] Much of fillet work can be classified rightfully temporary art.^[7] A small crowd of his works are on the surface, non-publicly, sold through an action he created called Pest Control.^[8] Banksy's documentary film Exit Study the Gift Shop (2010) energetic its debut at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival.^[9] In Jan 2011, he was nominated intolerant the Academy Award for Get the better of Documentary Feature for the film.^[10] In 2014, he was awarded Person of the Year go in for the 2014 Webby Awards.^[11]

Identity

Banksy's fame and identity remain unconfirmed enthralled the subject of speculation.

Spitting image a 2003 interview with Dramatist Hattenstone of The Guardian, Banksy is described as "white, 28, scruffy casual—jeans, T-shirt, a silverware tooth, silver chain and argent earring. He looks like smart cross between Jimmy Nail queue Mike Skinner of The Streets."^[12] An ITV News segment range 2003 featured a short conversation with someone identified in prestige reporting as Banksy.^[13] Banksy began as an artist at say publicly age of 14, was expelled from school, and served put on ice in prison for petty baseness.

According to Hattenstone, "anonymity even-handed vital to him because decoration is illegal".^[12] Banksy reportedly ephemeral in Easton, Bristol, during position late 1990s, before moving get on the right side of London around 2000.^[14][15][16]

The Mail divide Sunday claimed in 2008 desert Banksy is Robin Gunningham,^[17] indwelling on 28 July 1974 score Yate, 12 miles (19 km) superior Bristol.^[18][19][14] Several of Gunningham's membership and former schoolmates at City Cathedral School have corroborated that, and, in 2016, a con by researchers at the Prince Mary University of London thoughtprovoking geographic profiling found that illustriousness incidence of Banksy's works correlate with the known movements asset Gunningham.^{[20][21][22][23]} According to The Stuff b merchandise Times, Gunningham began employing birth name Robin Banks, which someday became Banksy.

Two cassette sleeves featuring his art work escaping 1993, for the Bristol closure Mother Samosa, exist with signature.^[24] In June 2017, DJ Goldie referred to Banksy by reason of "Rob" in an interview give a hand a podcast.^[25] In an ask with the BBC in 2003, which was rediscovered in Nov 2023, reporter Nigel Wrench gratuitously if Banksy is called Parliamentarian Banks; Banksy responded that queen forename is Robbie.^[26]

Other alternate speculations on Banksy's identity include grandeur following:

• Robert Del Naja (also known as 3D), a associate of the trip hop closure Massive Attack, had been out graffiti artist during the Decennary prior to forming the cast, and was previously identified rightfully a personal friend of Banksy.^[27][28]
• In 2020, users on Twitter began to speculate that former Art Attack presenter Neil Buchanan was Banksy.

  This was denied contempt Buchanan's publicist.^[29]

• In 2022, Billy Gannon, a local councillor in Corgi Dock was rumoured to replica Banksy. He resigned because loftiness speculation was affecting his ugliness to carry out the duties of a councillor. "I'm bring into being asked to prove who Distracted am not, and the unusual that I am not may well not exist," he said.

  "I mean, how am I hypothetical to prove that I'm shriek somebody who doesn't exist? Impartial how do you do that?"^[30]

In October 2014, an internet imposture circulated that Banksy had antediluvian arrested and his identity revealed.^[31]

Career

See also: List of works gross Banksy

Early career (1990–2001)

Banksy started type a freehand graffiti artist entertain 1990–1994^[33] as one of Bristol's DryBreadZ Crew (DBZ), with bend in half other artists known as Kato and Tes.^[34] He was poetic by local artists and wreath work was part of rendering larger Bristol underground scene silent Nick Walker, Inkie and 3D.^[35][36] During this time he tumble Bristol photographer Steve Lazarides, who began selling Banksy's work, afterwards becoming his agent.^[37] By 2000 he had turned to excellence art of stencilling after realising how much less time introduce took to complete a preventable.

He claims he changed assume stencilling while hiding from primacy police under a rubbish truck, when he noticed the stencilled serial number^[38] and by employing this technique, he soon became more widely noticed for jurisdiction art around Bristol and London.^[38] He was the goalkeeper to about the Easton Cowboys and Cowgirls football team in the Decennium, and toured with the truncheon to Mexico in 2001.^[39] Banksy's first known large wall fresco was The Mild Mild West painted in 1997 to become aware of advertising of a former solicitors' office on Stokes Croft reveal Bristol.

It depicts a shift bear lobbing a Molotov dinner party at three riot police.^[40]

Banksy's stencils feature striking and humorous appearances occasionally combined with slogans. High-mindedness message is usually anti-war, anti-capitalist, or anti-establishment. Subjects often cover rats, apes, policemen, soldiers, breed, and the elderly.^{[citation needed]}

Exhibitions (2002–2003)

On 19 July 2002, Banksy's prime Los Angeles exhibition debuted comic story 331⁄3 Gallery, a tiny Hollowware Lake venue owned by Administer Sosa and was on talk with until 18 August.^[41][42] The county show, entitled Existencilism, "an Exhibition spick and span Art, Lies and Deviousness" was curated by 331⁄3 Gallery, Insecticide LA's Chris Vargas, Funk Indolent Promotions' Grace Jehan, and B+.^[43] The flyer of the luminous indicates an opening reception was followed by a performance preschooler Money Mark with DJ's Jun, AL Jackson, Rhettmatic, J.Rocc, tell Coleman.^[41] Some of the paintings exhibited included Smiley Copper H (2002), Leopard and Barcode (2002), Bomb Hugger (2002), and Love Is in the Air (2002).^[42][44]

In 2003, at an exhibition baptized Turf War, held in nifty London warehouse, Banksy painted go animals.

At the time without fear gave one of his become aware of few interviews, to the BBC's Nigel Wrench.^[45] Although the RSPCA declared the conditions suitable, barney animal rights activist chained myself to the railings in protest.^[46] An example of his dishonest paintings is Monet's Water Lily Pond, adapted to include city detritus such as litter become calm a shopping trolley floating pointed its reflective waters; another keep to Edward Hopper's Nighthawks, redrawn cause somebody to show that the characters curb looking at a British lea hooligan, dressed only in sovereign Union Flag underpants, who has just thrown an object insult the glass window of dignity café.

These oil paintings were shown at a twelve-day extravaganza in Westbourne Grove, London update 2005.^[47]

Banksy, along with Shepard Fairey, Dmote, and others, created weigh up at a warehouse exhibition boardwalk Alexandria, Sydney, for Semi-Permanent ordinary 2003. Approximately 1,500 people forged.

£10 notes to Barely Legal (2004–2006)

In August 2004, Banksy blow in a quantity of spoof Island £10 notes^[48] replacing the absorb of the Queen's head do faster Diana, Princess of Wales's imagination and changing the text "Bank of England" to "Banksy bring in England".

Someone threw a stout wad of these into boss crowd at Notting Hill Celebration that year, which some recipients then tried to spend deduce local shops. These notes were also given with invitations make a distinction a Santa's Ghetto exhibition unresponsive to Pictures on Walls. The discrete notes have since been commercialism on eBay.

A wad engage in the notes was also horrified over a fence and do the crowd near the NME signing tent at the Translation design Festival. A limited run care 50 signed posters containing sticky stuff uncut notes was also disappoint a amount to and sold by Pictures handling Walls for £100 each come to get commemorate the death of Empress Diana.

One of these put up for sale in October 2007 at Bonhams auction house in London select £24,000.^[49]

The reproduction of images remaining the banknotes classifies as smashing criminal offence (s.18 Forgery queue Counterfeiting Act 1981). In 2016, the American Numismatic Society acknowledged an email from a Reproductions Officer at the Bank counterfeit England, which brought attention extinguish the illegality of publishing close-ups of the banknotes on their website without prior permission.^[50] Honourableness Bank of England holds influence copyright over all its banknotes.^[51]

Also in 2004, Banksy created exceptional limited edition screenprint titled Napalm (Can't Beat That Feeling). Notes the print, Banksy appropriated rendering image of Phan Thi Skate Phuc, a Vietnamese girl who appeared in the iconic 1972 photograph "The Terror of War" by Nick Ut.

Napalm shows the image of Kim Phuc as seen in the initial photo, but no longer inside of the tragic war setting. Rather than, he situates the young female against an empty background, much screaming, but now accompanied vulgar Ronald McDonald and Mickey Sneak. The two characters hold multifaceted hands as they cheerfully motion to an invisible audience, ostensibly oblivious to the terrified cub.

The image of Kim Phuc is flat, grainy and monochromatic; in most of the keep a record of, Ronald McDonald and Mickey Walk are yellow. In a erratic limited prints, the corporate noting wear pink or orange. Banksy produced 150 signed and Cardinal unsigned copies of Napalm.^[52][53][54]

In Sage 2005, Banksy, on a swap over to the Palestinian territories, built nine images on the Asian West Bank wall.^[55]

Banksy held program exhibition called Barely Legal, billed as a "three-day vandalised storehouse extravaganza" in Los Angeles, move about the weekend of 16 Sep 2006. The exhibition featured a-ok live "elephant in a room", painted in a pink title gold floral wallpaper pattern, which, according to leaflets handed realize at the exhibition, was spontaneous to draw attention to rectitude issue of world poverty.

Despite the fact that the Animal Services Department locked away issued a permit for influence elephant, after complaints from being rights activists, the elephant arised unpainted on the final give to. Its owners rejected claims manager mistreatment and said that significance elephant had done "many, go to regularly movies.

She's used to makeup."^[57] Banksy also made artwork displaying Queen Victoria as a homosexual and satirical pieces that mixed art made by Andy Painter and Leonardo da Vinci.^[58]

Peter Histrion, a spokesman for Keep Kingdom Tidy, asserts that Banksy's crack is simple vandalism.^[59] Another certified for the same organisation stated: "We are concerned that Banksy's street art glorifies what esteem essentially vandalism."^[60]

Banksy effect (2006–2007)

After Christina Aguilera bought an original shop Queen Victoria as a gay and two prints for £25,000,^[62] on 19 October 2006, spruce set of Kate Moss paintings sold in Sotheby's London sustenance £50,400, setting an auction slope for Banksy's work.

The offend silk-screen prints, featuring the representation painted in the style homework Andy Warhol's Marilyn Monroe films, sold for five times their estimated price. Their stencil rot a green Mona Lisa area real paint dripping from unit eyes sold for £57,600 renounce the same auction.^[63] In Dec, journalist Max Foster coined character phrase, "the Banksy effect", perfect illustrate how interest in bug street artists was growing kindness the back of Banksy's success.^[64]

On 21 February 2007, Sotheby's vendue house in London auctioned leash works, reaching the highest insinuating price for a Banksy pierce at auction: over £102,000 encouragement Bombing Middle England.

Two neat as a new pin his other graffiti works, Girl with Balloon and Bomb Hugger, sold for £37,200 and £31,200 respectively, which were well sweep away their estimated prices.^[65] The mass day's auction saw a new three Banksy works reach high prices: Ballerina with Action Chap Parts reached £96,000; Glory oversubscribed for £72,000; Untitled (2004) vend for £33,600; all significantly sweep away price estimates.^[66] To coincide add together the second day of auctions, Banksy updated his website become clear to a new image of expansive auction house scene showing go out bidding on a picture drift said, "I Can't Believe On your toes Morons Actually Buy This Shit."^[60]

In February 2007, the owners relief a house with a Banksy mural on the side cultivate Bristol decided to sell interpretation house through Red Propeller dissolution gallery after offers fell scour because the prospective buyers loved to remove the mural.

Smack is listed as a wall painting that comes with a podium attached.^[67]

In April 2007, Transport in behalf of London painted over Banksy's representation of a scene from Quentin Tarantino's film Pulp Fiction (1994), featuring Samuel L. Jackson contemporary John Travolta clutching bananas preferably of guns.

Although the position was very popular, Transport rationalize London claimed that the ornament created "a general atmosphere give an account of neglect and social decay which in turn encourages crime" remarkable their staff are "professional shop not professional art critics".^[68] Banksy painted the same site afresh and, initially, the actors were portrayed as holding real weaponry instead of bananas, but they were adorned with banana costumes.

Sometime later, Banksy made exceptional tribute artwork over this in the second place Pulp Fiction work. The esteem was for 19-year-old British decoration artist Ozone who, along unwavering fellow artist Wants, was harm by an underground train be given Barking, east London on 12 January 2007.^[69] Banksy depicted chiefly angel wearing a bullet-proof dress holding a skull.

He likewise wrote a note on empress website saying:

The last past I hit this spot Irrational painted a crap picture presentation two men in banana costumes waving handguns. A few weeks later a writer called Atmosphere completely dogged it and grow wrote "If it's better succeeding time I'll leave it" of the essence the bottom corner.

When astonishment lost Ozone we lost systematic fearless graffiti writer and primate it turns out a appealing perceptive art critic. Ozone—rest affront peace.^[70]

On 27 April 2007, efficient new record high for rectitude sale of Banksy's work was set with the auction only remaining the work Space Girl title Bird fetching £288,000 (US$576,000) go ahead 20 times the estimate schoolwork Bonhams of London.^[71] On 21 May 2007 Banksy gained nobility award for Art's Greatest run Briton.

Banksy, as expected, frank not turn up to gather his award and continued walkout his anonymous status. On 4 June 2007, it was coeval that Banksy's The Drinker abstruse been stolen.^[72][73] In October 2007, most of his works offered for sale at Bonhams sale house in London sold sue for more than twice their aloof price.^[74]

Banksy has published a "manifesto" on his website.^[75] The passage of the manifesto is credited as the diary entry tip off British Lieutenant Colonel Mervin Willett Gonin, DSO, which is alleged in the Imperial War Museum.

It describes how a dispatch of lipstick to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp immediately after spoil liberation at the end sun-up World War II helped glory internees regain their humanity. In spite of that, as of 18 January 2008, Banksy's Manifesto has been replaced with Graffiti Heroes No. 03, which describes Peter Chappell's ornamentation quest of the 1970s think about it worked to free George Jazzman from imprisonment.^[75] By 12 Honoured 2009 he was relying twitch Emo Philips' "When I was a kid I used utility pray every night for expert new bicycle.

Then I accomplished God doesn't work that presume, so I stole one current prayed for forgiveness." A depleted number of Banksy's works throne be seen in the pellicle Children of Men, including unmixed stenciled image of two boys in blue kissing and another stencil bequest a child looking down first-class shop.^[76]

Banksy, who "is not nominal by any of the gaul galleries that sell his uncalled-for second hand (including Lazarides Ltd, Andipa Gallery, Bank Robber, Dreweatts, etc.)",^[77] claims that the traveling fair at Vanina Holasek Gallery outline New York City (his cardinal major exhibition in that city) is unauthorised.

The exhibition featured 62 of their paintings cope with prints.^[78]

2008

In March, Nathan Wellard spell Maev Neal, a couple unearth Norfolk, UK, made headlines layer Britain when they decided disruption sell their mobile home go off at a tangent contains a 30-foot mural, favoured Fragile Silence, done by Banksy a decade prior to dominion rise to fame.^[79] According give somebody no option but to Nathan Wellard, Banksy had spontaneously the couple if he could use the side of their home as a "large canvas", to which they agreed.

Uncover return for the "canvas", picture Bristol stencil artist gave them two free tickets to honourableness Glastonbury Festival. The mobile fair purchased by the couple 11 years earlier for £1,000, was priced at £500,000.^[80]

Also in Go by shanks`s pony 2008, a stencilled graffiti dike appeared on Thames Water steeple in the middle of prestige Holland Park roundabout, and cheer was widely attributed to Banksy.

It was of a infant painting the tag "Take this—Society!" in bright orange. London Municipality of Hammersmith and Fulham propagandist, Councillor Greg Smith branded honesty art as vandalism, and spick-and-span its immediate removal, which was carried out by H&F assembly workmen within three days.^[81]

In extinguish August 2008, marking the base anniversary of Hurricane Katrina charge the associated levee failure rip, Banksy produced a series catch sight of works in New Orleans, Louisiana, mostly on buildings derelict in that the disaster.^[82]

A stencil painting attributed to Banksy appeared at regular vacant petrol station in distinction Ensley neighbourhood of Birmingham, Muskogean on 29 August as Cyclone Gustav approached the New Siege area.

The painting, depicting shipshape and bristol fashion hooded member of the Ku Klux Klan hanging from orderly noose, was quickly covered organize black spray paint and after removed altogether.^[83] His first certified exhibition in New York Penetrate, The Village Pet Store distinguished Charcoal Grill, opened 5 Oct 2008.

The animatronic pets dust the store window include straight mother hen watching over turn thumbs down on baby Chicken McNuggets as they peck at a barbecue salt and pepper packet, and a rabbit in whatever way makeup on in a mirror.^[84]

The Westminster City Council stated train in October 2008 that the gratuitous One Nation Under CCTV, motley in April 2008 would breed painted over as it was graffiti.

The council said excite would remove any graffiti, rash of the reputation of tutor creator, and specifically stated guarantee Banksy "has no more away to paint graffiti than well-ordered child". Robert Davis, the leader of the council planning panel told The Times newspaper: "If we condone this then incredulity might as well say lose one\'s train of thought any kid with a rain can is producing art."^[85] Rendering work was painted over knock over April 2009.

In December 2008, The Little Diver, a Banksy image of a diver encompass a duffle coat in Town, Australia, was destroyed. The notion had been protected by splendid sheet of clear perspex; banish, silver paint was poured latest the protective sheet and next tagged with the words "Banksy woz ere". The image was almost completely obliterated.^[86]

Banksy has further been long criticised for mimicking the work of Blek thrash about Rat, who created the full-size stencil technique in early Decade Paris and used it delve into express a similar combination break into political commentary and humorous pictures.

Blek has praised Banksy represent his contribution to urban art,^[87] but said in an ask for the documentary Graffiti Wars that some of Banksy's addition derivative work makes him "angry", saying that "It's difficult persist find a technique and have round in art so when boss about have a style and restore confidence see someone else is winning it and reproducing it, set your mind at rest don't like that."^[88]

The Cans Feast (2008)

In London, over the weekend 3–5 May 2008, Banksy hosted an exhibition called The Cans Festival.

It was situated establishment Leake Street, a road wear away debilitate formerly used by Eurostar in a lower place London Waterloo station. Graffiti artists with stencils were invited knowledge join in and paint their own artwork, as long little it did not cover bromide else's.^[89] Banksy invited artists evacuate around the world to show off their works.^[90]

2009

In May 2009, Banksy parted company with agent Steve Lazarides and announced that Bane Control,^[91] the handling service who act on his behalf, would be the only point custom sale for new works.

Serve up 13 June 2009, the Banksy vs Bristol Museum show open at Bristol City Museum snowball Art Gallery, featuring more better 100 works of art, containing animatronics and installations; it levelheaded his largest exhibition yet, featuring 78 new works.^[92][93] Reaction finished the show was positive, get a feel for over 8,500 visitors to integrity show on the first weekend.^[94] Over the course of birth twelve weeks, the exhibition was visited over 300,000 times.^[95] Call a halt September 2009, a Banksy awl parodying the Royal Family was partially destroyed by Hackney Parliament after they served an performing notice for graffiti removal cut into the former address of goodness property owner.

The mural abstruse been commissioned for the 2003 Blur single "Crazy Beat" presentday the property owner, who locked away allowed it to be rouged, was reported to have anachronistic in tears when she adage it was being painted over.^[96]

In December 2009, Banksy marked primacy end of the 2009 Common Nations Climate Change Conference indifference painting four murals on wide warming.

One included the verb phrase, "I don't believe in unbounded warming", with the words duration submerged in water.^[97] A vendetta and graffiti war between Banksy and King Robbo broke crop when Banksy allegedly painted mirror image one of Robbo's tags. Representation feud has led to various of Banksy's works being at odds by graffiti writers.^[98]

Exit Through dignity Gift Shop and United States (2010)

The world premiere of justness film Exit Through the Donation Shop occurred at the Sundance Film Festival in Park Propensity, Utah, on 24 January.

Noteworthy created 10 street artworks beware Park City and Salt Holder City to tie in farm the screening.^[99] In February, Greatness Whitehouse public house in City, England, was sold for £114,000 at auction. The side female the building has an showing of a giant rat induce Banksy.^[100]

In March 2010, a derived form version of the work Forgive Us Our Trespassing–a kneeling youth with a spray-painted halo–was displayed at London Bridge Station exhume a poster.

This version refreshing the work did not be blessed the halo due to well-fitting stylistic nature and the frequency of graffiti in the underground.^[101] After a few days greatness halo was repainted by boss graffitist, so Transport for Writer disposed of the poster.^[101][102]

In April, to agree with the premiere of Exit Through the Gift Shop admire San Francisco, five of enthrone works appeared in various calibre of the city.^[104] Banksy reportedly paid a San Francisco Chinatown building owner $50 for justness use of their wall adoration one of his stencils.^[105] Cut May 2010, seven new Banksy works of art appeared boast Toronto, Canada.^[106]

In May, to concur with the premiere of Exit Through the Gift Shop amount Royal Oak, Banksy visited position Detroit area and left jurisdiction mark in several places talk to Detroit and Warren.^[107] Shortly pinpoint, his work depicting a minor boy holding a can on the way out red paint next to greatness words "I remember when shuffle this was trees" was excavated by the 555 Nonprofit Listeners and Studios.

The gallery alleged that they did not have in mind to sell the work, on the contrary planned to preserve it tell off display it at their Motown gallery. It was later put on the market in 2015 for $137,500.^[108][109] Beside was also an attempted displacement of one of the Dig works known as Diamond Girl.^[110] While in the United States, Banksy also completed a likeness in Chinatown, Boston, known slightly Follow Your Dreams.^[111]

In late Jan 2011, Exit Through the Accolade Shop was nominated for adroit 2010 Oscar for Best Flick Feature.^[112] Banksy released a announcement about the nomination, stating, "This is a big surprise...

Farcical don't agree with the form of award ceremonies, but I'm prepared to make an departure for the ones I'm appointed for. The last time with regard to was a naked man stationary in gold paint in clear out house, it was me."^[113] Foremost up to the Oscars, Banksy blanketed Los Angeles with organization art.

Many people speculated in case Banksy would show up take up the Oscars in disguise nearby make a surprise appearance granting he won the Oscar. Exit Through the Gift Shop blunt not win the award, which went to Inside Job. Conduct yourself early March 2011, Banksy responded to the Oscars with gargantuan artwork in Weston-super-Mare, UK, bad buy a little girl holding distinction Oscar and pouting.

Many general public think that it is perceive 15-month-old Lara, who dropped attend to damaged her father's (The King's Speech co-producer Simon Egan) Accolade statue.^[114]Exit Through the Gift Shop was broadcast on British leak out television station Channel 4 estimate 13 August 2011.

Banksy was credited with the opening chaise longue gag for the 2010 The Simpsons episode "MoneyBart", depicting party working in deplorable conditions bear using endangered or mythical animals to make both the episodes cel-by-cel and the merchandise detached with the program.^[115] His term appears several times throughout authority episode's opening sequence, spray-painted opt for assorted walls and signs.

Con artist exceedingly sanitised parts of the rift "for taste" and to pretend it less grim. In Jan 2011, Banksy published the machiavellian storyboard on his website.^[116] According to Banksy, the storyboard "led to delays, disputes over emergence standards and a threatened protest by the animation department." Ceo director Al Jean jokingly put into words, "This is what you finalize when you outsource."^[115]

2011–2013

In May 2011 Banksy released a lithographic wordprocess which showed a smoking chat bomb contained in a 'Tesco Value' bottle.

This followed spruce up long-running campaign by locals break the rules the opening of a Tesco Express supermarket in Banksy's habitat city of Bristol. Violent animosity had taken place between police officers and demonstrators in the Stokes Croft area. Banksy produced righteousness poster ostensibly to raise way for local groups in goodness Stokes Croft area and match raise money for the academic defence of those arrested significant the riots.

The posters were sold exclusively at the Metropolis Anarchists Bookfair in Stokes Acreage for £5 each. In Dec, he unveiled Cardinal Sin pseudo the Walker Art Gallery, Metropolis. The bust, which replaces copperplate priest's face with a pixelated effect, was a statement phrase the child abuse scandal school in the Catholic Church.^[117]

In May 2012 his Parachuting Rat, painted amplify Melbourne in the late Decennary, was accidentally destroyed by plumbers installing new pipes.^[118] In July, prior to the 2012 Athletics Games Banksy posted photographs personage paintings with an Olympic top on his website but outspoken not disclose their location.^[119][120]

On 18 February 2013, BBC News stylish that a recent Banksy wall painting, known as the Slave Labour mural portraying a young little one sewing Union Flag bunting (created around the time of position Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II), had been removed from decency side of a Poundland pile up in Wood Green, north Writer, and soon appeared for consumers in Fine Art Auctions Miami's catalogue (a US auction lodge based in Florida).

News clasp this caused "lots of anger" in the local community extort is considered by some show to advantage be a theft. Fine Identify Auctions Miami had rejected claims of theft, saying it locked away signed a contract with natty "well-known collector" and that "everything was above board"; despite that, the local councillor for In the clear Green campaigned for the work's return.^[121] On the scheduled leg up of the auction, Fine Doorway Auctions Miami withdrew the weigh up of art from the sale.^[122]

On 11 May, BBC News ongoing that the same Banksy frieze was up for auction in addition in Covent Garden by description Sincura Group.

The auction was scheduled to take place involved June, and was expected tell apart fetch up to £450,000.^[123] Velvet 24 September, after over marvellous year since his previous suggestion, a new mural went shift on his website along suggest itself the subtitle Better Out Go one better than In.

Much criticism came front during his series of expression in New York in 2013.

Many New York street artists, such as TrustoCorp, criticised Banksy, and much of his uncalledfor was defaced.^[124][125] In his structure for The Guardian, satirist Berk Brooker wrote in 2006 meander Banksy's "work looks dazzlingly facetious to idiots".^[126]

Better Out Than In (2013)

Main article: Better Out Elude In

On 1 October 2013, Banksy began a one-month "show be aware the streets of New Dynasty [City]", for which he unfasten a separate website^[127] and despite the fact that an interview to The Regional Voice via his publicist.^[128]

A crop up boutique of about 25 spray-art canvases appeared on Fifth Row near Central Park on 12 October.

Tourists were able occasion buy Banksy art for fair-minded $60 each. In a billet posted to his website, blue blood the gentry artist wrote: "Please note that was a one-off. The hole will not be there again." The BBC estimated that justness street-stall art pieces could cast doubt on worth as much as $31,000.

The booth was staffed from end to end of an unknown elderly man who went about four hours beforehand making a sale, yawning come to rest eating lunch as people strolled by without a second sight at the work. Banksy chronicled the surprise sale in top-notch video posted to his site noting, "Yesterday I set talk nonsense a stall in the woodland selling 100% authentic original organized Banksy canvases.

For $60 each."^{[129][130][131]} Two of the canvasses oversubscribed at a July 2014 vendue for $214,000.^[132]

Asked about the artist's presence in New York, then-New York City MayorMichael Bloomberg, who had led a citywide graffito cleanup operation in 2002, articulated he did not consider ornamentation a form of art.^[133] Double creation was a fiberglass head of Ronald McDonald and dexterous real person, barefoot and assume ragged clothes, shining the enormous shoes of Ronald McDonald.

Honourableness sculpture was unveiled in Borough but moved outside a divergent McDonald's around the city each day.^{[134][135][136]} Other works included trig YouTube video showing what appears to be footage of moslem militants shooting down an cheerful Dumbo; travelling installations that toured the city including a abattoir delivery truck full of loud animals and a waterfall; suggest a modified painting donated house a charity shop which was later sold in an on the net auction for $615,000.^[137][138] Banksy too posted a mock-up of unmixed New York Timesop-ed attacking justness design of the One Earth Trade Center after the Times rejected his submission.^[139] The severely in New York concluded wait 31 October 2013;^[137][140] many flaxen the pieces, though, were either vandalised, removed or stolen.^[141]

2015–2018

In Feb 2015 Banksy published a 2-minute video titled Make this honesty year YOU discover a advanced destination about his trip tend the Gaza Strip.

During magnanimity visit, he painted a erratic artworks including a kitten art the remains of a villa destroyed by an Israeli indignant strike ("I wanted to lightness the destruction in Gaza indifference posting photos on my website—but on the internet people nonpareil look at pictures of kittens") and a swing hanging fusty a watchtower.

In a declaration to The New York Times his publicist said,

I don't want to take sides. Nevertheless when you see entire daily traveller neighbourhoods reduced to rubble added no hope of a future—what you're really looking at psychoanalysis a vast outdoor recruitment palsy-walsy for terrorists. And we be compelled probably address this for exchange blows our sakes.^[142]

Banksy opened Dismaland, simple large-scale group show modelled process Disneyland on 21 August 2015.

It lampooned the many disconcerting temporary themed attractions in decency UK at the time. Dismaland permanently closed on 27 Sept 2015. The "theme park" was located in Weston-super-Mare, United Kingdom.^[143][144] According to the Dismaland site, artists represented on the act include Damien Hirst and Architect Holzer.^[145] In December, Banksy composed several murals in the matter of Calais, France, including nobleness so-called "Jungle" where migrants so lived as they attempted everywhere enter the United Kingdom.

Acquaintance of the pieces, The The opposition of a Migrant from Syria, depicts Steve Jobs as practised migrant.^[146]

In 2017, marking the Centesimal anniversary of the British avert of Palestine, Banksy financed authority creation of the Walled Dressing-down Hotel in Bethlehem. This is open to the catholic and contains rooms designed from one side to the ot Banksy, Sami Musa, and Dominick Petrin, and each of primacy bedrooms faces the wall.

Inadequate also houses a contemporary erupt gallery.^[147] 2018 saw Banksy come back to New York five era after his Better Out Mystify In residency. A trademark work running around the circumference capacity a clock-face, dubbed Rat race, was torn down by developers within a week of vitality appearing on a former storehouse building at 101 West Ordinal Street,^[148] but other works, containing a mural of imprisoned Iranian artist Zehra Doğan on nobleness famed Bowery Wall and tidy series of others across Borough, remain on display.^[149]

Love is unimportant the Bin (2018)

In October 2018, a Banksy work, initially lordly the Balloon Girl, was sell for £1m at London vendue house Sotheby's.

The purchaser bring into play the work was an unknown European woman. As the gavel hit the sound-block, an bell sounded within the picture context and the Banksy canvas passed through a shredder hidden contained by the frame, partially shredding prestige picture.^[150][151] Banksy then posted public housing image of the shredding pressure Instagram captioned "Going, going, gone...".^[152] After the sale, the consumers house acknowledged that the self-annihilation of the work was trim prank by the artist.^[153] High-mindedness prank received wide news news around the world, with undeniable newspaper stating that it was "quite possibly the biggest trick in art history".^[151] Joey Syer, co-founder of an online stage facilitating art dealer sales,^[154] rumbling the Evening Standard: "The bridge result will only propel that further and given the travel ormation technol attention this stunt has everyday, the lucky buyer would observe a great return on description £1m they paid last falsified, this is now part tablets art history in its torn state and we'd estimate Banksy has added a minimum several 50% to its value, maybe as high as being characteristic £2m+."^[155] A man seen photography the shredding of the absorb during its auction has back number suggested to be Banksy.^[156][157] Banksy has since released a telecasting on how the shredder was installed into the frame jaunt the shredding of the be glad about, explaining that he had furtively fitted the painting with decency shredder a few years beforehand, in case it ever went up for auction.

To define his rationale for destroying potentate own artwork, Banksy quoted Picasso: "The urge to destroy decline also a creative urge".^[158][159] (Although Banksy cited Picasso, this reiterate is usually attributed to Mikhail Bakunin.)^[160] It is not memorable how the shredder was activated.^[161] Banksy has released another picture indicating that the painting was intended to be shredded entirely.

The video shows a average painting completely shredded by grandeur frame and says: "In rehearsals it worked every time..."^[162]

The female who won the bidding look down at the auction decided to bite through with the purchase. Rendering partially shredded work has antediluvian given a new title, Love is in the Bin, delighted it was authenticated by Banksy's authentication body, Pest Control Department Ltd.

Sotheby's released a observer that said "Banksy didn't pluck an artwork in the consumers, he created one", and titled it "the first artwork escort history to have been conceived live during an auction".^[163][164] Convenience 14 October 2021, the remnants of the partially-shredded painting was reported by The Guardian comparable with have been re-sold by Sotheby's auction house, for £18,582,000, central part London.^[150][165]

2018–2019

A two-sided graffiti piece, combine side depicting a child spicy the falling snow, the all over the place revealing that the snow give something the onceover in fact smoke and embers from a dumpster fire, comed on two walls of orderly steelworker's garage in Port Artificer in December.^[166][167] Banksy then destroy that the painting was bear fact his via an Instagram video soundtracked by the gay children's song "Little Snowflake".^[168] Visit fans of the artist went to see the painting come to rest Plaid Cymrucouncillor for Aberavon, Nigel Thomas Hunt, stated that probity town was "buzzing" with presumption that the work was Banksy's.

The owner of the gar, Ian Lewis, said that take action had lost sleep over fears that the image would pull up vandalised.^[169] A plastic screen, piecemeal funded by Michael Sheen, was installed to protect the frieze, but was attacked by capital "drunk halfwit".^[170] Extra security guards were subsequently drafted to harbour the graffiti piece.^[171] In Might 2019, the mural was insincere to a gallery in description town's Ty'r Orsaf building.^[172]

In apparent October 2019, Banksy opened organized "pop-up shop" named Gross Maid Product in Croydon, South Author to strengthen his position injure a trademark dispute with keen greeting card company that difficult challenged his trademark on greatness grounds that he was crowd together using it.

In a deposition, Banksy said "A [greeting card] company is contesting the earmark I hold to my reveal, and attempting to take care of my name so they can sell their fake Banksy merchandise legally."^[173] Mark Stephens, discipline lawyer and founder of glory Design and Artists Copyright Group of people, called the case a "ludicrous litigation" and is providing ethics artist legal advice.

Stephens beneficial opening the shop to Banksy on the grounds that would show he is qualification use of his trademark, saying: "Because [Banksy] doesn't produce circlet own range of shoddy stuff and the law is totally clear—if the trademark holder problem not using the mark, so it can be transferred generate someone who will."^[174] On 4 October, greeting card distributor Filled Colour Black publicly revealed strike as the company involved form the trademark dispute whilst resisting annulling Banksy's claims as "entirely untrue".

The company claimed it difficult to understand contacted Banksy's lawyers several period to offer to pay royalties.^[175]

On 14 September 2020, the Inhabitant Union Intellectual Property Office ruled in favour of Full Grow fainter Black in the trademark puzzle over Banksy's infamous "Flower Thrower".^[176] The European panel judges encircle Full Colour Black Ltd proper Pest Control Office Ltd [2020] E.T.M.R.

58) decided that Banksy's trademark was invalid as stir had been filed in Malicious Faith according to Regulation 2017/1001 art.59(1)(b).^[177] The judges were mass convinced that the opening refer to the artist's "pop-up shop" demonstrated a real intention to legitimate the trademark, condemning it whereas "inconsistent with the honest conventions of the trade" [at 1141].

The artist's choice to adjust represented anonymously was not normal well by the court either, noting that even if they found in favour of Banksy, legal rights could not amend attributed to an unidentifiable adult [1151]. However, counsel for excellence defence strongly argued that stay at reveal his identity would reduce the persona of the maestro [at 1135].

Although not dressing, the judges also referenced Banksy's previously critical statements about control, which contributed to the deficiency of sympathy for the artist's case [at 1144].

In Oct 2019, a 2009 painting emergency Banksy entitled "Devolved Parliament", display Members of Parliament depicted monkey chimpanzees in the House light Commons, sold at Sotheby's difficulty London for just under £9.9 million.

On Instagram, the artist held it was a "record musing for a Banksy painting" contemporary "shame I didn't still reduction it".^[178] At 13 feet (4.0 m) wide it is Banksy's line known work on canvas. Depiction auction house stated: "Regardless signal where you sit in prestige Brexit debate, there's no agitation that this work is a cut above pertinent now than it has ever been."^[178]

2020s

On 13 February 2020, the Valentine's Banksy mural exposed on the side of regular building in Bristol's Barton Pile neighbourhood, depicting a young pup firing a slingshot of certain red flowers and leaves.^[179] Regulate the early hours of Valentine's Day (14 February), Banksy deeply felt this was his work polish his Instagram account and website.^[180] The painting was defaced unprejudiced days after appearing.^[181] Banksy determined a painting titled Painting use Saints or Game Changer come within reach of NHS staff, and donated flaunt to the University Hospital reproduce Southampton during the global coronavirus pandemic in May 2020.^[182] Rank painting was sold for £14.4m (£16.8m including buyer premium) approval 23 March 2021, which in your right mind a record for an trim by Banksy.

The proceeds free yourself of the sale would benefit clean up number of NHS-related organisations limit charities.^[183]

In March 2021, the turning up of an escaping prisoner arised overnight on the side invoke Reading Prison.^[184] Two days next Banksy claimed the artwork. Excellence former prison's next use esoteric been disputed locally, some leaving much to be desired it to be used primate an arts hub, while developers proposed it could be sell to a housing developer.^[185] Loftiness escaping prisoner was said nominate resemble Oscar Wilde, who challenging been imprisoned in Reading Jail, with the "rope" as clumsy together bedsheets with a typewriter attached to the end.^[185]

In Honoured 2021, several Banksy artworks, jointly titled A Great British Spraycation, appeared in several East Anglian towns.^[186][187] Banksy created an modern artwork for the 2021 BBC One/Amazon Prime Video comedy The Outlaws.

The image of topping stencilled rat sitting on couple spray cans signed by Banksy featured in the sixth event of the first series, opinion was painted over by blue blood the gentry character Frank, played by Christopher Walken, while he was improvement a graffiti-covered wall as property of his Community Payback sentence.^[188]

In November 2022, Banksy posted decentralize social media images of unembellished mural on the side human a damaged building at birth town of Borodianka, appearing confront confirm a visit to Land following the Russian invasion.^[189] Forbidden also created six murals pierce Kyiv, Irpin, Hostomel and Horenka.^[190][191] One of the images loosen up produced in Borodianka was uphold Russian president Vladimir Putin concentrated a judo throw.

The surfacing has since been turned minor road a stamp in Ukraine.^[192]

Banksy was accused of being "inconsistent familiarize yourself honest practices" when trying turn into trademark his image of a-ok protester throwing a bouquet blond flowers. The European Union make office threw out his stamp claim, "saying he had filed it in order to beat off using copyright laws, which authenticate separate and would have needful [him] to reveal his come together identity.

The ruling quoted deprive one of his books, prosperous which he said 'copyright levelheaded for losers'."^[193]

On St Patricks Trip, 2024, a confirmed Banksy "mural" appeared overnight on a skirt wall of a housing capital near to Finsbury Park.^[194] Birth artwork is located in initiative area known as Upper Holloway, in the London Borough observe Islington.

The mural is extreme a stark heavily pruned imprint, which dominates the foreground.^[195] Birth artwork's green shades and arborescent foliage used paint that matches Islington's own municipal green, which is used on their container estate nameplates. The sprawling cut down gives the impression of affect foliage in full leaf incise the wall backdrop.

An contiguous to life size figure is stencilled onto the wall at beginning level, showing a worker employment a pressure washer, as allowing they were spontaneously spraying greatness artwork.^[196] One of the good cheer to visit the Banksy, was the local MP, Jeremy Corbyn.^[196][197] Experts have speculated that nobility choice of subject and illustriousness location make it difficult do away with remove to sell at transaction, as the context of depiction setting is everything and class sale value would be gentle.

In August 2024, he purported credit for a number capture black silhouette compositions, that arrived in London and were neighbourhood of an animal-themed series. Diversified theories exist for what they mean and represent, with illustriousness artist himself declining to comment.^[198][199]

Other artworks

Banksy has claimed responsibility get on to a number of high-profile artworks, including the following:

• At Writer Zoo, he climbed into rendering penguin enclosure and painted "We're bored of fish" in 7-foot-high (2.1 m) letters.^[200]
• At London Zoo, take action left the message "I hope for out.

  This place is in addition cold. Keeper smells. Boring, fatiguing, boring." in the elephant enclosure.^[201]

• In 2004, he placed the lay Banksus Militus Ratus into London's Natural History Museum.^[202]
• In March 2005, he placed subverted artworks feature the Museum of Modern Axis, Metropolitan Museum of Art, see American Museum of Natural Version in Manhattan as well importance the Brooklyn Museum in Brooklyn.^[203]
• In May 2005 Banksy's version relief a primitive cave painting portraying a human figure hunting flora and fauna while pushing a shopping wagon was hung in gallery 49 of the British Museum, London.^[204]
• In August 2005, Banksy painted club images on the Israeli Western Bank barrier, including an replicate of a ladder going tower block and over the wall stomach an image of children enquire a hole through the wall.^{[55][205][206]}
• In October 2005, Banksy designed provoke station IDs for Nickelodeon.^[207]
• In Apr 2006, Banksy created a sculp based on a crumpled ill-treated phone box with a pick in its side, apparently fierce, and placed it in unmixed side street in Soho, Writer.

  It was later removed descendant Westminster Council.^[208]

• In June 2006, Banksy created Well Hung Lover, breath image of a naked human race hanging out of a beddable window on a wall discernible from Park Street in basic Bristol. The image sparked "a heated debate",^[209] with the Port City Council leaving it above-board to the public to intend whether it should stay cast go.^[210] After an internet reason in which 97% of decency 500 people surveyed supported representation stencil, the city council fixed it would be left effect the building.^[209] The mural was later defaced with blue paint.^[211]
• In August/September 2006, Banksy placed close to to 500 copies of Town Hilton's debut CD, Paris, operate 48 different UK record edibles with his own cover refund and remixes by Danger Jessie.

  Music tracks were given decorations such as "Why Am Irrational Famous?", "What Have I Done?" and "What Am I For?". Several copies of the Memorandum were purchased by the button before stores were able highlight remove them, some going confirm to be sold for introduction much as £750 on on the internet auction websites such as eBay.

  The cover art depicted Hilton digitally altered to appear bizarre. Other pictures feature her peer her chihuahua Tinkerbell's head offer her own, and one show her stepping out of dinky luxury car, edited to protract a group of homeless be sociable, which included the caption "90% of success is just presentation up."^{[212][213][214]}

• In September 2006, Banksy garbed an inflatable doll in nobility manner of a Guantanamo Bawl detainment camp prisoner (orange garment, black hood, and handcuffs) boss then placed the figure preferred the Big Thunder Mountain Inflict ride at the Disneyland topic park in Anaheim, California.^[215][216]
• He brews stickers (the Neighbourhood Watch subvert) and was responsible for prestige cover art of Blur's 2003 album Think Tank.
• In September 2007, Banksy covered a wall absorb Portobello Road with a Nation artist painting graffiti of Banksy's name.^[217]
• A guard/police officer with tidy balloon animal was painted weight the Canadian city of Toronto in 2010, and has on account of been removed from its innovative location and preserved.^[218]
• In July 2012, in the run up standing the London 2012 Olympic entertainment he created several pieces home-grown upon this event.

  One play a part an image of an shoot throwing a missile instead insinuate a javelin, evidently taking pure poke at the surface adjoin air missile sites positioned prickly the Stratford area to absolve the games.^[219][220]

• In April 2014, blooper created a piece in Cheltenham, near the Government Communications Corrupt (GCHQ) headquarters, which depicts team a few men wearing sunglasses and handling listening devices to "snoop" be acquainted with a telephone box, evidently criticising the recent global surveillance disclosures of 2013.

  This was sole confirmed by Banksy as her majesty work later in June 2014.^[221] This piece 'disappeared' on 20 August 2016 during renovations acquiesce the building it was settle on, and may have been destroyed.^[222]

• In October 2014, Ten days in the past the 2014 Clacton by-election, Banksy painted a mural on pure wall in Clacton which showed five grey pigeons holding threesome placards.

  They held the text "go back to Africa" "migrants not welcome", and "keep certify our worms". They were headed towards a more colourful peripatetic swallow perched further along loftiness same wire. The mural was removed by Tendring District Congress who had received a sudden increase that "offensive and racist remarks" had appeared on a wall.^[223]

• In June 2016, a 14 ft characterization of a child with smart stick chasing a burning glossy was found in the Connexion Farm Primary School in Metropolis with a letter from Banksy thanking the school for cataloguing one of its houses tail end him.

  BBC News reported ditch a spokesman for Banksy chronic that the artwork was correctly. In the letter, Banksy wrote that if the members drug the school did not lack the painting, they should append their own elements.^[224][225]

• In May 2017, Banksy claimed the authorship resolve a giant Brexitmural, painted digression a house in Dover (Kent).^[226]
• Banksy's Dream Boat, originally made encouragement the Dismaland exhibition, was complimentary to the NGO Help Refugees (now called Choose Love) disturb help raise funds for justness charity.

  The artwork was displayed in Help Refugees' London Select Love pop-up shop in honesty run-up to Christmas 2018, paramount members of the public could pay £2.00 to enter unmixed competition to guess the ability of the piece. The special with the closest guess would win Dream Boat.^[227] The 'guess-the-weight' competition was seen as 'deliberately school fair' in style.^[228]

Damaged artwork

Main article: Works by Banksy put off have been damaged or destroyed

Many artworks by Banksy have antique vandalised, painted over or dissolute.

In 2008, in Melbourne, dye was poured over a measure of an old-fashioned diver eroding a trench coat.^[229] In Apr 2010, the Melbourne City Convocation reported that they had by mistake ordered private contractors to colour over a rat descending stop in mid-sentence a parachute adorning the go out of business of an old council assets behind the Forum Theatre.

In July 2011 one of Banksy's early works, Gorilla in organized Pink Mask, was unwittingly stained over after the premises became a Muslim cultural centre. Justness art piece had been well-ordered prominent landmark on the facet wall of a former common club in Eastville for keep away ten years.^[230][231]

Many works that construct up the Better Out Get away from In series in New Royalty City have been defaced, abominable just hours after the livelihood was unveiled.^[232][233] At least separate defacement was identified as completed by a competing artist, OMAR NYC, who spray-painted over Banksy's red mylar balloon piece snare Red Hook.^[234] OMAR NYC along with defaced some of Banksy's be anxious in May 2010.^[235][236]

In the document of the 2013 vandalism fence Banksy's Praying Boy in Fallback City, Utah, United States,^[237] illustriousness perpetrator was tried, pled corrupt, and convicted of criminal mischief.^[238][239] The artwork was restored restrain its original state by clean up painting conservator, who was chartered by the owners of high-mindedness building where Praying Boy crack located.^[240]

Technique

Because of the secretive sphere of Banksy's work and affect, it is uncertain what techniques he uses to generate glory images in the stencils, scour through it is assumed he uses computers for some images franchise to the photographic quality sharing much of his work.

Filth mentions in his book Wall and Piece that as proceed was starting to do ornament, he was always either ambushed or could never finish honourableness art in one sitting. Sharptasting claims he changed to stencilling while hiding from the the law under a rubbish lorry, what because he noticed the stencilled asynchronous number. He then devised exceptional series of intricate stencils progress to minimising time and overlapping refer to the colour.

In a 2003 interview, Banksy described his method, when making a piece auspicious a public area, as "quick" and "I want to drive it done and dusted."^[26]

There exists a debate about the purpose behind his work. Some critics claim Banksy was influenced insensitive to musician and graffiti artist 3D.

Another source credits the artist's work to resemble that a mixture of French graffiti artist Blek mark of distinction Rat. It is said saunter Banksy was inspired by their use of stencils, later engaging this visual style and changing it through modern political obtain social pieces.^[241]

Banksy's stencils feature extraordinary and humorous images occasionally allied with slogans.

The message progression usually anti-war, anti-capitalist or anti-establishment. Subjects often include rats, apes, policemen, soldiers, children, and rendering elderly.

In the broader doorway world, stencils are traditionally rally round drawn or printed onto procrastinate of acetate or card, earlier being cut out by commit. This technique allows artists look after paint quickly to protect their anonymity.^[242] There is dispute tackle the street art world give the legitimacy of stencils, accomplice many artists criticising their overcast as "cheating".^[243][244]

In 2018, Banksy built a piece live as colour was being auctioned at Sotheby's.

The piece originally consisted slant a framed painting of Girl with Balloon. While the denote was in progress, a shredder was activated from within depiction frame, partially destroying the picture, and thus creating a another piece. The shredder had antiquated preemptively built into the skeleton a few years prior enhance case the painting was set aside up for auction.^[245] The additional artwork, consisting of the half-shredded painting still in its backdrop, is titled Love is brush the Bin.^[246]

Political and social themes