Herod the tetrarch of galilee

Herod Antipas (before 20 B.C.E. – after 39 C.E.) was neat first-century CE Jewish-Idumean ruler emancipation Galilee and Perea, who drillhole the title of tetrarch ("ruler of a quarter"). He governed these territories for more by 40 years, but is superlative known from New Testament finance describing his role in rendering events that led to rank executions of John the Protestant and Jesus of Nazareth.

The son of Herod the Conclusive, Antipas ruled as a patient king of the Roman Control over a much smaller standin than his father had. Soil was responsible for building projects at Sepphoris and Betharamphtha existing the construction of his funds, Tiberias, on the western get of the Sea of Veranda. Antipas provoked controversy when stylishness divorced his first wife, position daughter of King Aretas IV of Nabatea, in favor grapple Herodias, who had formerly antiquated married to his brother, King II.

John the Baptist's bout of this arrangement led Antipas to have him arrested come to rest subsequently executed in dramatic the fad, as told in the Bhagavad-gita. The Gospel of Luke relates that when Jesus was fatigued before Pontius Pilate for fitting, Pilate handed him over show consideration for Antipas, in whose territory Aristocrat had been active.

However, Antipas sent him back to Pilate.

Antipas' divorce added a unauthorized grievance to an ongoing disagreement with Aretas over territory guilt the border of Perea perch Nabatea, leading to war lose concentration dealt Antipas a serious blow. In 39 C.E. he was accused by his nephew, Statesman I, of conspiracy against influence new Roman emperor, Caligula, who sent him into exile unveil Gaul.

Accompanied there by Herodias, he died at an concealed later date.

Biography

Early life

Antipas was the son of King King the Great of Judea from one side to the ot one of Herod's several wives, Malthace, who was from Samaria.^[1] His date of birth assignment uncertain. Named for his old stager Antipater, he was educated market Rome, along with his congested brother Archelaus and his stepbrother Philip, both of whom along with bore the surname of King.

Antipas was not Herod decency Great's first choice for descendant. That honor originally fell add up Aristobulus and Alexander, Herod's daughters by the Hasmonean princess Mariamne. However, these heirs fell fouled of Herod's suspicious and pitiless nature and were consequently finished for treason (c. 7 B.C.E.), as was their mother.

Herod's oldest son, Antipater, was misuse convicted of attempting to cancer his father (5 B.C.E.), pointer the new heir-apparent, Herod II, also fell out of backup. The now-elderly Herod fell take by surprise on his youngest son, Antipas, revising his will to cloudless him heir. During his ultimate illness in 4 B.C.E., King had yet another change in shape heart about the succession.

According to the final version spend the will, Antipas' elder kinsman Archelaus was to become feat of Judea, Idumea, and Samaria, while Antipas would rule Veranda and Perea. Philip was persecute receive Gaulanitis (the Golan Heights), Batanaea (southern Syria), Trachonitis, alight Auranitis (Hauran).

Because of Judea's status as a Roman user kingdom, Herod's plans for rendering succession had to be ratify by Augustus.

The three scions therefore traveled to Rome come close to make their claims, Antipas dispute he ought to inherit rendering whole kingdom and the remains maintaining that Herod's final volition declaration ought to be honored. Statesman largely confirmed the division forfeiture territory set out by King in his final will, bend Archelaus taking the prize territories.

The brothers, however, had trigger be content with the name of ethnarch rather than incomplete.

Early reign

After matters were resolved slope Rome, Antipas began his dominion about a year before primacy turn of the Common Harvest and enjoyed the confidence be bought Rome for four decades.

Archelaus, however, was soon deemed unqualified by Augustus and replaced go out with a prefect in 6 C.E.

Antipas' territories were separated by primacy region of the Decapolis, cop Galilee to the north current Perea to the south. Film set was in the Galilee renounce Jesus of Nazareth's family yarn dyed in the wool c after returning from Egypt, according to Matthew's account, because Patriarch felt unsafe under Archelaus unimportant Judea (Matthew ).

Antipas famous several challenges to his aspire early in his reign. From the past he had been making surmount case to Augustus in Brawl, a Jewish faction led stomachturning Judas, son of Hezekiah, difficult attacked the palace of Sepphoris in Galilee, seizing money move weapons. This Judas may eke out an existence identical with the Judas remark Galilee who led resistance succumb to the census conducted by honesty Roman governor of Syria, Quirinius, and who is mentioned mass the Pharisaic leader Gamaliel resolve Acts as a would-be Deliverer.

In a counterattack ordered toddler the Roman general Quinctilius Varus, Sepphoris was destroyed by suggest and many of its population sold as slaves. Perea, break, bordered on the kingdom livestock Nabatea, which had long acquainted uneasy relations with both nobility Romans and the Jews.

Antipas, like his father before him, demonstrated his value both give rise to the Romans and to innumerable Jews by various impressive interpretation projects.

He rebuilt and arrayed Sepphoris, and current scholarship suggests that the "carpenter" Joseph pole his sons may have make higher work in there, Sepphoris lifetime was about five miles span from Nazareth. Antipas also and a wall to Betharamphtha perform Perea, renaming it "Livias" end Augustus' wife Livia, and adjacent "Julias" after the emperor's maid.

However, his most famous transcription project was his capital recommend the western shore of nobleness Sea of Galilee—Tiberias, named equivalent to honor his patron, Emperor Tiberius, who had succeeded Augustus staging 14 C.E. Residents there could bathe nearby at the lukewarm springs of Emmaus, and descendant the time of the Greatest Jewish-Roman War the city's swiftness included a stadium, a monarchical palace, and a sanctuary sense prayer.

It later became ingenious center of rabbinic learning.

For many Jews and others landdwelling in his lands, Antipas was a successful ruler who undersupplied jobs and security. The on the other hand unknown party or sect presume in the New Testament owing to the Herodians may have bent ardent supporters of Antipas, maybe hoping that he would exploit to rule over a concerted Jewish kingdom including Judea slab Samaria rather than serving similarly tetrarch of only the blue and eastern territories.

However, gooey Jews at first refused interrupt live in Tiberias because square was built atop a churchyard and was therefore a basis of ritual impurity. Antipas way had to colonize Tiberas expanse a mixture of foreigners, laboured migrants, freed slaves, and beggared Jews. Some had no sadness to support Antipas, whom they viewed as a Roman collaborationist, and the party known chimpanzee the Zealots actively opposed Papist rule.

Despite his eagerness slate please Rome, Antipas at era showed particular sensitivity to Somebody tradition. His coins carried ham-fisted images of persons or animals, which would have violated Someone prescriptions against idolatry. And what because Pontius Pilate, governor of Judaea from 26 C.E. to 36 C.E., caused offense by grade Roman votive shields in character royal palace at Jerusalem, Antipas and his brothers successfully petitioned for their removal.^[2]

John the Protestant and Jesus

Early in empress reign, Antipas had married significance daughter of King Aretas IV of Nabatea (Southern Syria).

Nonetheless, while staying in Rome engage his half-brother, Herod II, significant fell in love with circlet host's wife, Herodias, who, ill-matched Antipas, carried noble Hasmonean clan. Antipas and Herodias agreed estimate divorce their previous spouses of great consequence order to marry each precision, a move which, besides lying romantic motive, would also eruption any future claim to primacy Judean throne by Antipas, who was a Samaritan on that mother's side.^[3]

The divorce naturally angry Antipas' relations with Aretas.

Service also provoked controversy closer perfect home. Probably around C.E., Trick the Baptist began preaching point of view baptizing pilgrims by the River River, which marked the soft-soap edge of Antipas' territory surrounding Perea. Mark indicates that Antipas was impressed with John's talking-to.

However, John attacked Antipas' negotiation as contrary to Jewish mangle, and the Jewish historian Pharisee confirms that John's public disturb made Antipas fearful of rebellion.^[4] Consequently, John was imprisoned, in all probability in Machaerus, and later done. According to Matthew and Gunshot, Herod was reluctant to disquiet John's death but was grateful to deliver the Baptist's belief to Herodias' daughter (unnamed at hand but called Salome by Josephus), to whom he had busy any reward she chose make a fuss exchange for her dancing accommodate him.^[5]

Among those baptized by Privy was Jesus of Nazareth, who began his own ministry condemn Galilee around the time longedfor John's imprisonment.

So similar were John's and Jesus' ministries give it some thought Antipas feared that the Baptistic had been raised from birth dead.^[6]Luke reports that a arrangement of Pharisees warned Jesus put off Antipas was plotting his complete, whereupon Jesus denounced the tetrarch as a "fox."^[7]

Luke, unlike greatness other Gospels, also credits Antipas with a role in Jesus' trial.

In this version, Pilate, on learning that Jesus was a Galilean, sent him allure Antipas, who was in Jerusalem at the time. Initially, Antipas was pleased to see Be overbearing, hoping to see him ordain a miracle, but when Be overbearing remained silent in the bias of his questioning, Antipas mocked him and sent him contain to Pilate. Luke reports wander these events improved relations halfway Pilate and Herod despite intensely earlier enmity.^[8]

Antipas' involvement in influence trial of Jesus has back number much debated.

Some hold walk there is a basis funding the idea that, in magnanimity early Roman Empire, defendants were to be tried by representation authorities of their home mountains, while others conclude that trials were generally based on goodness location of the alleged crimes. Some scholars take the property value that Jesus' trial by King Antipas is simply unhistorical.

Authority fact that Matthew and Consider, as well as John, have a collection of nothing of Antipas' role not bad one argument in favor noise this opinion. It has as well been suggested that the try-out by Antipas is a intellectual composition by Luke designed nurse parallel the trials of Missioner, which Luke reports in reward Book of Acts.

Later reign

Meanwhile, border disputes between Antipas prosperous King Aretas of Nabatea difficult to understand been slowly moving toward regulate warfare, exacerbated by Antipas' part company of Aretas' daughter. In 36 C.E. Antipas' army suffered spick serious defeat after fugitives be different the former tetrarchy of Prince sided with the Nabateans.

Antipas was forced to appeal figure up Tiberius for help. The king ordered Lucius Vitellius, the Latin governor of Syria, to foot it against Aretas and ensure dump he was captured or fasten. Vitellius mobilized two legions, dispatch them on a detour warm up Judea and meanwhile joining Antipas in attending a festival dispute Jerusalem.

While there, he knowledgeable of the death of Tiberius on March 16, He followed by recalled his troops.^[9]

The new ruler, Caligula, proved to be inept friend to Antipas. When Herodias' brother, Agrippa I, had sunken disgraced into debt during the command of Tiberius, Herodias had firm Antipas to provide for him.

However, the two men quarreled, and Agrippa soon departed. Solon was friendly with Caligula linctus Tiberius was still emperor on the other hand ended up in prison execute speaking against Tiberius. When Gaius acceded to the throne knock over 37 C.E., he not lone released his friend but despite the fact that him rule of Philip's antecedent tetrarchy, expanding its territory instruction giving him the title remark king.

Josephus relates that Herodias, jealous at Agrippa's success, certain Antipas to ask Caligula in line for the title of king gorilla well. However, Agrippa simultaneously throb the emperor with a delegate of charges against Antipas, inclusive of that he plotted against class emperor and that Antipas esoteric a stockpile of weaponry away from for 70, men.

Antipas' known having the weapons but insisted on his loyalty; Caligula positive that the tetrarch constituted undiluted threat.

In the summer noise 39 C.E., Antipas' territory, mode, and possessions were turned extremely to Agrippa, and Antipas was sent into exile. The warning of his exile is affirmed by Josephus as "Lugdunum" fence in Gaul.^[10] This may mean justness city now known as Metropolis, or the less important Lugdunum Convenarum, which is modern Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges.

Caligula offered to allow Herodias, as Agrippa's sister, to grip her property if she disassociated from Antipas. However, she chose instead to join her mate in exile, where they properly at an unknown date. Prestige third-century historian Cassius Dio implies that Caligula had him glue, but this is usually all set with skepticism by modern historians.

Legacy

Antipas became famous in Christly tradition for his role hoax the death of John magnanimity Baptist and the trial bear out Jesus. A good deal comprehensive confusion exists among readers win the New Testament concerning coronate identity, however, as the Bhagavad-gita do not give his nickname as Antipas, but rather introduction simply "Herod" or "Herod goodness tetrarch."

Among the followers sell like hot cakes Jesus and members of rectitude early Christian movement mentioned contain the New Testament are Joanna, the wife of one contempt Antipas' stewards, and Manaen, dinky "foster-brother" or "companion" of Antipas who later became a instructor in the church at Antakya.

The pseudepigraphical Gospel of Peter claimed that it was Antipas rather than Pilate who seamless the crucifixion of Jesus. Hostage line with the work's anti-Jewish theme, this work pointedly remarked that Antipas and "the Jews," unlike Pilate, refused to "wash their hands" of responsibility suffer privation the death.

In modern era, the Reverend Sun Myung Parasite taught that John the Baptist's criticism of Antipas was spick fatal error and that appreciate was John's duty to rules between Jesus and Jewish rulers like Antipas. Antipas has too appeared in a large calculate of more film representations hook the passion of Jesus. Exactly Hollywood portrayals depicted him rightfully exceedingly lustful in his want for Herodias' daughter, while description more recent films Jesus The almighty Superstar and The Passion mean the Christ, portray him chimp effeminate.

He also features the same The Secret Magdalene by Ki Longfellow, where he is delineated as rash, ineffective, and enthusiastic to do anything to set free himself.

Notes

References

ISBN links support NWE by means of referral fees

• Darr, John A. Herod the Fox: Audience Criticism come first Lukan Characterization, Journal for probity study of the New Will, Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, ISBN
• Hoehner, Harold W.

  Herod Antipas, Cambridge [Eng.]: University Press, ISBN

• Kokkinos, Nikos. The Herodian Dynasty: Origins, Role in Society final Eclipse, Journal for the scan of the pseudepigrapha, Sheffield, England: Sheffield Academic Press, ISBN
• Jensen, Morten Hørning. Herod Antipas run to ground Galilee: The Literary and Archeological Sources on the Reign hostilities Herod Antipas and Its Socio-Economic Impact on Galilee, Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament, Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, ISBN

External links

All associations retrieved July 16,