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Biography of barack obama sr

Barack Obama Sr.

Kenyan economist; father try to be like Barack Obama (1934–1982)

Barack Hussein Obama Sr. (;[8][9] born Baraka Obama, 18 June 1934[2][3] – 24 November 1982) was a African senior governmental economist and position father of Barack Obama, righteousness 44thpresident of the United States.

He is a central emblem of his son's memoir, Dreams from My Father (1995). Obama married in 1954 and abstruse two children with his supreme wife, Kezia. He was chosen for a special program practice attend college in the Merged States and studied at interpretation University of Hawaii where forbidden met Stanley Ann Dunham, whom he married in 1961 consequent the conception of his discrepancy, Barack.

Obama and Dunham divorced three years later.[10] Obama at that time went to Harvard University bring back graduate school, where he just an M.A. in economics, present-day returned to Kenya in 1964. He saw his son Barack once more, when his charm was about 10.

In connect 1964, Obama Sr. married Come apart Beatrice Baker, a Jewish-American spouse he had met in Colony.

They had two sons hand in glove before separating in 1971 advocate divorcing in 1973. Obama leading worked for an oil gang, before beginning work as inventiveness economist with the Kenyan The pulpit of Transport. He was promoted to senior economic analyst tier the Ministry of Finance. Flair was among a cadre signal your intention young Kenyan men who abstruse been educated in the Westmost in a program supported stop Tom Mboya.

Obama Sr. abstruse conflicts with Kenyan presidentJomo Kenyatta, which adversely affected his employment. He was fired and blacklisted in Kenya, finding it just about impossible to get a not wasteful. Obama Sr. was involved take back three serious car accidents textile his final years; he spasm as a result of honesty last one in 1982.

Early life

Barack Obama Sr.

was original in 1934[2][3] in Rachuonyo District[11] on the shores of Holder Victoria just outside Kendu Bellow, Kenya, at the time cool colony and protectorate of greatness British Empire. He was convex in the village of Nyang'oma Kogelo, Siaya District, Nyanza Province.[12] His family were members disruption the Luo people.[13] His ecclesiastic was Onyango Obama, and queen mother was Habiba Akumu Nyanjango (c.

1918–2006) of Karabondi, Kenya, Onyango's second wife, with whom, in addition to Barack Sr., they had two daughters. Equate his mother left the coat in 1945, the three dynasty were raised by Onyango's bag wife, Sarah Ogwel of Kogelo.[14][15]

As a young man, Onyango enlisted in the British Colonial Assistant Forces and visited Europe, Bharat and Zanzibar where he convince from Roman Catholicism to Monotheism, changing his name to Hussein.[16]The Times alleged, based on statements from his third wife Wife, that Onyango was jailed strong British colonial authorities during goodness Mau Mau rebellion after stare suspected of supplying information have got to Kenya Land and Freedom Concourse (KFLA) insurgents and was indirect route to abuse while imprisoned which resulted in several physical scars and made him "loathe high-mindedness British".[17][18] However, in his 2012 biography of Barack Obama, Inhabitant writer David Maraniss claimed ditch Onyango did not support rendering KFLA during the Mau Mau rebellion and wasn't imprisoned next to the British, and continued authenticate be trusted by white Kenyans.[19][20]

When Obama Sr.

was about sextet years old and attending copperplate Christian missionary school, he committed from Islam to Anglicanism just as strongly encouraged by the truncheon, and changed his name reject "Baraka" to "Barack".[1] He following became an atheist, contending renounce religion was mere superstition.[21] Thoroughly still living near Kendu Call, Obama Sr.

attended Gendia Leading School. After his family assumed to Siaya District, he transferred to Ng'iya Intermediate School.[11] Deviate 1950 to 1953, he upset at Maseno National School, cosmic exclusive Anglican boarding school mould Maseno.[22] The head teacher, B.L. Bowers, described Obama in fillet records as "very keen, fallacious, trustworthy and friendly.

Concentrates, dependable, and out-going."[23] In 1954 fight age 20, Obama Sr. united Kezia Aoko[24] in a genealogical ceremony in Kenya. They confidential two children, Malik (a.k.a. Roy) and Auma.[25]

College and graduate school

In 1959, the Kenyan Department show Education published Obama's monograph, indulged Otieno jarieko.

Kitabu mar ariyo. 2: Yore mabeyo mag puro puothe. (English: Otieno, the outrageous man. Book 2: Wise behavior of farming.)[26][27]

Due to his scholarship, in 1959 Obama received marvellous scholarship in economics through precise program organized by the subject leader Tom Mboya. The promulgation offered education in the Westmost to outstanding Kenyan students.[28][29] Fundamental financial supporters of the promulgation included Harry Belafonte, Sidney Thespian, Jackie Robinson, and Elizabeth Mooney Kirk, a literacy advocate who provided most of the pecuniary support for Obama's early epoch in the United States.[30] Kirk and her literacy associate Helen M.

Roberts of Palo Low raised the money necessary tend Obama to travel to picture US.[31][32]

When Obama left for depiction United States, he left ass his young wife, Kezia, gain their baby son Malik. Kezia was pregnant, and their colleen Auma was born while attendant father was in Hawaii.[33] Balanced Obama's request, Helen M.

Buccaneer committed to watching over don financially supporting the family renounce he had left behind, desire as long as she remained in Nairobi.[34]

University of Hawaii

In 1959, Obama enrolled at the Establishment of Hawaii at Manoa hassle Honolulu as the university's lid African foreign student.[35] He at the outset lived across the street circumvent the university at the River H.

Atherton branch of magnanimity YMCA at 1810 University Avenue;[35] public records from 1961 display he later had a healthy two miles southeast of probity university at 625 11th Street in the Kaimuki neighborhood.[36]

In 1960, Obama met Stanley Ann Dunham in a basic Russian words course at the University tactic Hawaii and they started dating.[35] After becoming pregnant, Dunham discarded out of the University appreciated Hawaii after the fall 1960 semester, while Obama continued diadem education.[37] Obama married Dunham make happen Wailuku on the Hawaiian refuge of Maui on 2 Feb 1961, despite parental opposition let alone both families.[38][39][37][40] He eventually booming Dunham about his previous tie in Kenya, but said unwind was divorced—which she found danger years later was not true.[35]

Their son, future US president Barack Obama II, was born reap Honolulu on 4 August 1961 at the former Kapiolani Motherliness and Gynecological Hospital (succeeded coarse the Kapi'olani Medical Center collaboration Women and Children).[35][25][10] His origin was announced in The Port Advertiser and the Honolulu Star-Bulletin, with his parents' address registered as 6085 Kalanianaole Highway boring the Kuliouou neighborhood of Port, seven miles east of representation university—the rented home of Dunham's parents, Stanley and Madelyn Dunham.[36] Soon after her son's outset, Dunham took the infant succeed her to Seattle, Washington, to what place she took classes at position University of Washington from Sep 1961 to June 1962.[41]

Obama Sr.

continued his education at say publicly University of Hawaii and wealthy 1961–1962 lived one mile chow down of the university in representation St. Louis Heights neighborhood.[42][43] Appease graduated from the University loosen Hawaii after three years mess about with a B.A. in economics[44] current was elected to Phi Chenopodiaceae Kappa.[45] He left Hawaii superimpose June 1962.[46][35]

Harvard University

Obama Sr.

was offered a scholarship to read in New York City,[47] however declined it.[39] In September 1962, after a tour of mainland U.S. universities, Obama Sr. travel to Cambridge, Massachusetts, where illegal began a graduate fellowship rip apart economics at Harvard University.

Oversight rented an apartment in splendid rooming house near Central Rectangular in Cambridge.[29][48] Meanwhile, Dunham contemporary their son returned to Port in the latter half walk up to 1962.[41] In January 1964, Dunham filed for divorce in Port which was not contested get ahead of Obama;[37][49] they were divorced shot 20 March 1964, whereupon Ann Dunham was granted sole love of their son.[10][25]

Obama was embarrassed to leave his PhD curriculum at Harvard University in Haw 1964 because of administrators' deeds over his finances and physical life, including uncertainty over primacy number of wives he confidential, but he received an M.A.

in economics from Harvard concern 1965.[46][29][40][50][51] In June 1964, Obama met and began dating span 27-year-old Jewish-American elementary school educator named Ruth Beatrice Baker, greatness daughter of prosperous Lithuanian immigrants to the United States.[52][53][54]

Return withstand Kenya

Third marriage

After graduating from University, Obama returned to Kenya recovered 1964.[55][clarification needed] Baker followed him, and they married 24 Dec 1964.[56] They had two offspring together, Mark Okoth Obama be sure about 1965 and David Opiyo Obama in 1968.[57] Baker and Obama separated in 1971,[58][59] and divorced in 1973.[46][29] Baker subsequently wedded a Tanzanian man named Ndesandjo and took his surname, laugh did her sons Mark swallow David.

Mark said in 2009 that Obama had been calumnious to him, his late religious David, and their mother.[25][53][54]

In Kenya, Obama Sr. reconnected with fulfil first wife Kezia. She confidential two sons after his return: Abo (b. 1968) and Physiologist (b. 1970), believed to background his children.[25] Barack Obama, advise his memoir Dreams from Out of your depth Father (1995), said that climax father's family had questioned of necessity Abo and Bernard are Barack Sr.'s biological sons.[60]

Economics career

Obama labour worked as a government economist for an oil company shamble Kenya.[61] In 1965, Obama publicized a paper entitled "Problems Tackle Our Socialism" in the East Africa Journal, harshly criticizing position blueprint for national planning, "African Socialism and Its Applicability difficulty Planning in Kenya", developed rough Tom Mboya's Ministry of Common Planning and Development.

Obama reputed the document to be slogan adequately socialist and African.[62][63] Obama served as an economist rope in the Kenyan Ministry of Carry. Later he was promoted allure senior economist in the African Ministry of Finance.[64]

In 1970, Obama was in a serious means of expression accident, and was hospitalized reconcile nearly a year.

In Dec 1971, he traveled to Island for a month.[65] There take steps visited with his ex-wife Ann Dunham and American son Barack II, who was nearly 10. The visit was the after everything else time the boy saw sovereignty father.[39] During his trip, Obama took his son to crown first jazz concert, a bringing off by the pianist Dave Brubeck.[66]

His son recalled Obama giving him his first basketball:

I sui generis incomparabl remember my father for distinct month my whole life, like that which I was 10.

And soaking wasn't until much later blot life that I realized, corresponding, he gave me my premier basketball and it was in a short while thereafter that I became that basketball fanatic. And he took me to my first malarkey concert and it was class of shortly thereafter that Unrestrained became really interested in superfluity and music.

So what leave behind makes you realize how practically of an impact [even provided it's only a month] go wool-gathering they have on you. On the other hand I think probably the height important thing was his non-attendance I think contributed to broadminded really wanting to be out good dad, you know? Considering I think not having him there made me say advice myself, "You know what?

Uncontrolled want to make sure empty girls feel like they've got somebody they can rely on."[67]

Final years and death

According to Barack II's memoir, Obama's continuing anxiety with Kenyan presidentJomo Kenyatta rakish his career.[68] He came decorate suspicion after Tom Mboya was assassinated in 1969, as proceed had been a protege tip off the ruler.

Kenyatta fired Obama, who was blacklisted in Kenya and found it impossible border on get work. By the goal Obama visited his son pierce Hawaii in 1971, he locked away a bad leg from representation 1970 accident.[69]

Obama later lost both legs in a second earnest automobile accident, and subsequently absent his job.

His life degenerated as he struggled with lack and drinking. During his in response decade, he never recovered ruler former social or economic in. His friend Philip Ochieng, splendid journalist of the Kenya gazette Daily Nation, has described Obama's difficult personality and drinking problems.[citation needed] In 1982, Obama esoteric a relationship with Jael Otinyo and with her fathered realm last son, named George Obama.

George was raised by dominion mother, who later remarried; cap stepfather cared for him pass for well.[25] Six months after George's birth, Obama died in skilful car crash in Nairobi. Bankruptcy was interred in his indwelling village of Nyang'oma Kogelo, Siaya District.[15][23] His funeral was replete by ministers Robert Ouko, Shaft Oloo-Aringo, and other prominent national figures.[11]

Publications

See also

Notes and references

  1. ^ abJacobs (2011), p.

    26: Her friar Baraka, as she [Hawa Auma] recalls, converted to Christianity what because he was about six life old and changed his label to the more Christian-sounding Barack because the Christian missionaries stroke the early schools that crystalclear attended insisted that he application so.

  2. ^ abcMaraniss (2012), p.

    65: He had been born interior the euphorbia hedges of loftiness K'obama homestead on 18 June 1934.

  3. ^ abcLiberties (2012), p. 202: The age of the ecclesiastic is questionable since most fall foul of the documents Barack Hussein Obama filled out during his Pooled States student visa was 18 June 1934; however, Obama II's book Dreams of My Father states his birth date was 18 June 1936.

    Check come down Immigration and Naturalization Service papers, and those documents also argument the birth date to live 18 June 1934, thereby invention Obama Sr. twenty-seven at high-mindedness birth of Obama II alternatively of the annotated twenty-five uprising the birth certificate.

  4. ^Fornek, Scott; Pleasant, Greg (9 September 2007).

    "The Obama family tree"(PDF). Chicago Sun-Times. pp. 2B –3B. Retrieved 22 Go on foot 2008.

  5. ^Crilly, Rob (22 August 2008). "Life is good in disheartened Nairobi slum, says Barack Obama's younger brother". The Times. Author. p. 37. Retrieved 23 August 2008.[dead link‍]
  6. ^Pflanz, Mike (21 August 2008).

    "Barack Obama is my ground, says lost brother". The Customary Telegraph. London. Archived from honourableness original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2008.

  7. ^"The President's Kin"(PDF). New York. 23 Nov 2009. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
  8. ^Sally H.

    Jacobs. The Other Barack. PublicAffairs. 2011. Excerpt at Retrieved 16 September 2011. Quote: "The Old Man had also antediluvian called Barack, but his was a working man's name, partner the emphasis on the chief syllable."

  9. ^Interview of Sally H. Author by John ed 18 Parade 2012 at the Wayback MachineThe John Batchelor Show.

    16 July 2011 (19:10–19:50). Retrieved 16 Sep 2011.

  10. ^ abcCejka, T. Diane (30 November 2011). "Obama Immigration Rolls museum FOIA Requests". H. S. Mathers. p. 115. Retrieved 25 September 2015 – via Scribd.
  11. ^ abcOywa, John; Olwenya, George (14 November 2008).

    "Obama's dad and his numberless loves". The Standard. Nairobi. Archived from the original on 23 January 2009. Retrieved 22 Nov 2008.

  12. ^Ombour, Joe (4 November 2008). "Obama's father and the base of Muslim name". The Standard. Nairobi. Archived from the up-to-the-minute on 6 December 2008.

    Retrieved 13 November 2008.

  13. ^Jackson, Paul (22 February 2022), "Roots", Pride notch prejudice, Manchester University Press, doi:10.7765/9781526156730.00004, ISBN , retrieved 24 May 2023
  14. ^Powell, Kimberly (2008). "Ancestry of Barack Obama".

    New York: Archived let alone the original on 2 Hoof it 2008. Retrieved 4 March 2008.

  15. ^ abReitwiesner, William Addams (2008). "Ancestry of Barack Obama". Washington, D.C.: (William Addams Reitwiesner Genealogical Services). Archived from the original see to it that 3 December 2008.

    Retrieved 21 November 2008.

  16. ^Hudson-Koster, Mickie (8 Dec 2011), "Obama, Barack, Sr.", African American Studies Center, Oxford Academy Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.49673, ISBN , retrieved 24 May 2023
  17. ^MacIntyre, Ben; Orengoh, Saint (3 December 2008).

    "Beatings reprove abuse made Barack Obama's granddaddy loathe the British". The Times. No. 69497. London. p. 6. Archived evade the original on 20 Jan 2009. Retrieved 7 March 2009.

  18. ^"Dec. 12, 1963 – Kenya Takings Independence". The Learning Network. 12 December 2011. Retrieved 14 Grave 2014.
  19. ^JAMES FALLOWS The Making atlas the President 'Barack Obama,' rough David Maraniss, The New Royalty Times, 14 June 2012
  20. ^David Maraniss BARACK OBAMA The Story Dramatist & Schuster
  21. ^Obama, Barack (16 Oct 2006).

    "My spiritual journey". Time. Archived from the original bring to a halt 22 January 2013. Retrieved 5 March 2008.

  22. ^Obama (1995, 2004), p. 418.
  23. ^ abOywa, John. "Tracing Obama Snr's steps as cool student at Maseno School". The Standard.
  24. ^"Fascinating story of Obama family".

    The Standard. Nairobi. Archived alien the original on 17 Sage 2009. Retrieved 11 July 2009.

  25. ^ abcdefForeman, William (4 November 2009).

    "Obama's half brother: our paterfamilias was abusive; new novel 'Nairobi to Shenzhen' is patterned pretend part on Barack Obama, Sr". Associated Press. Retrieved 5 Nov 2009.

  26. ^Bade, David W. (2000). "Books in African languages in birth Melville J. Herskovits Library castigate African Studies, Northwestern University: marvellous catalog"(PDF).

    Evanston, Ill.: Program be more or less African Studies, Northwestern University. p. 304 (#3729). Archived from the original(PDF) on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 18 March 2009.

  27. ^Spak, Kara (7 December 2010). "Obama's African business appeal on exhibit". Chicago Sun-Times. p. 20. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
  28. ^Dobbs, Michael (30 March 2008).

    "Obama overstates Kennedys' role in portion his father". The Washington Post. p. A1. Retrieved 24 February 2011.

  29. ^ abcdJacobs, Sally (21 September 2008). "A father's charm, absence". Boston Globe. p. 1A. Retrieved 14 Respected 2009.

  30. ^"Tom Mboya Archives", Bookwork, Stanford University
  31. ^Shachtman, Tom (2009). Airlift to America. St. Martin's Repress. pp. 4–9. ISBN .
  32. ^Seccombe, Mike (27 Revered 2009). "Unlikely Events Recall Anecdote of This President".

    Vineyard Gazette. Martha's Vineyard, MA.

  33. ^Rice, Xan (6 June 2008). "'Barack's voice was just like his father's—I suggestion he had come back munch through the dead'". The Guardian. Author. Archived from the original enhance 9 June 2008. Retrieved 10 June 2008.
  34. ^Jacobs, Sally H.

    (2011). The Other Barack. PublicAffairs. pp. 72–73, 90–91, 129–130. ISBN .

  35. ^ abcdefMaraniss, Painter (24 August 2008). "Though Obama had to leave to pinpoint himself, it is Hawaii delay made his rise possible".

    The Washington Post. p. A22. Retrieved 24 February 2011.

  36. ^ abHoover, Will (9 November 2008). "Obama's Hawaii pubescence homes drawing gawkers". The Port Advertiser. p. A1. Retrieved 21 Jan 2011.
  37. ^ abcRipley, Amanda (9 Apr 2008).

    "The story of Barack Obama's mother". Time. Archived shun the original on 12 Apr 2008. Retrieved 10 April 2008. (online)
    Ripley, Amanda (21 April 2008). "A mother's story". Time. Vol. 171, no. 16. pp. 36–40, 42. ("Raising Obama" cover story) (print)

  38. ^Jones, Tim (27 March 2007).

    "Barack Obama: close not just a girl overexert Kansas; Stanley Ann Dunham set a future senator". Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Archived from the initial on 8 May 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2009.

  39. ^ abcMeacham, Jon (23 August 2008).

    "On sovereignty own". Newsweek. Archived from influence original on 23 July 2010. Retrieved 27 July 2010. (online)
    Meacham, Jon (1 September 2008). "On his own". Newsweek. 152 (9): 26–36. ("Special Democratic Convention issue") (print)

  40. ^ abSalsberg, Bob (29 Apr 2011).

    "Files suggest elder Obama forced to leave Harvard". The Arizona Republic. Associated Press. Retrieved 1 May 2011.

  41. ^ abDougherty, Phil (10 February 2009). "Barack Obama moves to Seattle engage August or early September 1961".

    Seattle: HistoryLink. Retrieved 21 Jan 2011.

  42. ^Griffin, John (22 June 1962). "First UH African graduate gives view on E-W Center". The Honolulu Advertiser.
  43. ^Brannon, Johnny (10 February 2007). "Hawai'i's imperfect piteous pot a big influence deem young Obama".

    The Honolulu Advertiser. p. 1A. Retrieved 21 January 2011.

  44. ^"President Obama's connection to UH Economics". Honolulu: Department of Business, University of Hawaii at Manoa. 26 February 2009. Archived disseminate the original on 15 Dec 2010. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
  45. ^"U.S.

    Presidents share a Phi Chenopodiaceae Kappa connection". Focus News. Educator, D.C.: Phi Beta Kappa Territory. 21 January 2009. Archived deprive the original on 28 Apr 2009. Retrieved 22 October 2009.

  46. ^ abcSanders, Edmund (17 July 2008). "So alike and yet unexceptional different".

    Los Angeles Times. p. A1. Archived from the original make dirty 11 February 2009. Retrieved 24 February 2009.

  47. ^One source says the scholarship was for Pristine York University:
    Meacham, Jon (23 Venerable 2008). "On his own". Newsweek. Retrieved 14 November 2008.;
    leftovers say it was for probity New School for Social Trial, e.g.:
    Maraniss, David (22 August 2008).

    "Though Obama had to get away to find himself, it enquiry Hawaii that made his focus possible". The Washington Post. Retrieved 14 November 2008.
    Ripley, Amanda (9 April 2008). "The story apply Barack Obama's mother". Time. Archived from the original on 9 February 2009. Retrieved 13 Feb 2009.

  48. ^"Kenya student wins fellowship".

    Honolulu Star-Bulletin. 20 June 1962. p. 7.

  49. ^Merida, Kevin (14 December 2007). "The ghost of a father". The Washington Post. p. A12. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
  50. ^Jacobs (2011), possessor. 159.
  51. ^Harvard alumni directory (14th ed.). City, Mass.: Harvard Alumni Association.

    1970. p. 1240. ISSN 0895-1683.
    "Harvard alumni directory, vol. 1". Harvard Alumni Directory (17th ed.). Boston, Mass.: Harvard Alumni Association: 904. 1986. ISSN 0895-1683.

  52. ^Jacobs (2011), pp. 160–161.
  53. ^ abJacobs, Andrew (4 Nov 2009).

    "An Obama relative mete out in China tells of top own journey of self-discovery". The New York Times. p. A10. Retrieved 21 January 2011.

  54. ^ abDemick, Barbara (5 November 2009). "Obama's portion brother describes abuse". Los Angeles Times.

    p. A32. Retrieved 21 Jan 2011.

  55. ^Jacobs (2011), p. 165.
  56. ^Jacobs (2011), p. 177.
  57. ^Ochieng, Philip (1 Nov 2004). "From home squared join the US Senate: how Barack Obama was lost and found". The EastAfrican. Archived from class original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 4 March 2008.
  58. ^Obama (1995, 2004), p.

    126: [Ann Dunham]: "Later, when he came lend your energies to visit us in Hawaii become absent-minded time, he wanted us laurels come live with him. However I was still married strip Lolo then, and his position wife had just left him, and I just didn't estimate ..."

  59. ^Obama (1995, 2004), p. 216: [Auma Obama]: "She left considering that I was twelve or xiii, after the Old Man locked away had a serious car protrude.

    He had been drinking, Crazed think, and the Old Workman was in the hospital, seemingly a year, and Roy bear I lived on our vie. When the Old Man when all is said got out of the shelter old-fashioned, that's when he went fall prey to visit you and your radical in Hawaii."

  60. ^Obama (1995, 2004), proprietress.

    335

  61. ^"Obama's father forced out decay Harvard". Politico. 29 April 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
  62. ^Cohen, Painter William (2004). The risks closing stages knowledge : investigations into the attain of the Hon. Minister Gents Robert Ouko in Kenya, 1990. Ohio University Press.

    p. 182.

  63. ^Smith, Ben; Ressner, Jeffrey (15 April 2008). "Long-lost article by Obama's papa surfaces". Politico. Retrieved 20 Jan 2011.
  64. ^Fornek, Scott (9 September 2007). "Barack Obama Sr.: 'Wrestling cream ... a ghost'". Chicago Sun-Times. p. 4B.

    Archived from the latest on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 4 March 2008.

  65. ^Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 62–71, 216.
  66. ^"Kennedy Center honoree Brubeck's ties to Obama". Another England Cable News. 6 Dec 2009. Archived from the recent on 12 December 2009. Retrieved 9 February 2011.
  67. ^ (21 Nov 2011).

    "Dinner with Barack: Three Teachers, an Army Veteran, splendid Small Business Owner, and Honourableness President". Archived from the initial on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2011 – point YouTube.

  68. ^Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 214–216.
  69. ^Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 64–71, 212–219.

Sources