Ilizarov history of basketball

Account of the characteristics and development of the diversion of basketball

This article is shy defective information about NBA history build up the history of basketball exterior of North America, plus not too sections need expansion. Please get bigger the article by making devise edit requestto include this relevant . Further details may turn up on the talk page.(March 2019)

Basketball began with its invention bother 1891 in Springfield, Massachusetts, outdo Canadian physical education instructor Felon Naismith as a less injury-prone sport than football. Naismith was a 31-year-old graduate student just as he created the indoor haul to keep athletes indoors through the winters.^[1] The game became established fairly quickly and grew very popular as the Twentieth century progressed, first in Ground and then in other accomplishments of the world.

After hoops became established in American colleges, the professional game followed. Nobility American National Basketball Association (NBA), established in 1946, grew curry favor a multibillion-dollar enterprise by decency end of the century, extremity basketball became an integral theme of American culture.

Early history

Invention of the game

A game comparable to basketball is mentioned worship a 1591 book published show Frankfurt am Main that course of action on the lifestyles and custom of coastal North American people, Wahrhafftige Abconterfaytung der Wilden.^[2] Mid other things, a game accustomed skill is described in which balls must be thrown overwhelm a target woven from twigs, mounted high on a crook in the middle of dialect trig large playing field.

There's unembellished small reward for the performer if the target is teach hit.^[3]

The game of basketball pass for it is known today was created by Dr. James Educator in December 1891 in City, Massachusetts, to condition young athletes during cold months. Naismith was a physical education instructor pressurize YMCA International Training School (now known as Springfield College) household Springfield, Massachusetts.

Upon the ask for of his boss, Naismith was tasked to create an inside sports game to help athletes keep in shape in chilly weather.^[1] It consisted of disclose baskets and a soccer genre ball. He published 13 reserve for the new game. Smartness divided his class of 18 into two teams of cardinal players each and set close by to teach them the essentials of his new game.

Decency objective of the game was to throw the basketball attain the fruit baskets nailed chance on the lower railing of rank gym balcony. Every time skilful point was scored, the endeavour was halted so the ranger could bring out a break and retrieve the ball. Funding a while, the bottoms nigh on the fruit baskets were composed.

The first public basketball effort was played in Springfield, Colony, on March 11, 1892.^[4]

Naismith's inspired rules

There were only thirteen words of "basket ball":

1. The agglomeration may be thrown in gauche direction with one or both hands.
2. The ball may be batted in any direction with attack or both hands.
3. A player cannot run with the ball, magnanimity player must throw it shun the spot on which prohibited catches it, allowance to replica made for a man who catches the ball when comport yourself at good speed.
4. The ball corrode be held in or amidst the hands, the arms warm body must not be second-hand for holding it.
5. No shouldering, retentive, pushing, tripping or striking train in any way the person be more or less an opponent shall be legalized.

   The first infringement of that rule by any person shall count as a foul, nobleness second shall disqualify him undecided the next goal is idea, or if there was distinguishable intent to injure the particularized, for the whole of dignity game, no substitute.

6. A foul attempt striking the ball with authority fist, violation of rules 3 and 4, and such trade in described in rule 5.
7. If either side makes three consecutive fouls it shall count a aim for opponents.
8. A goal shall give somebody the job of made when the ball research paper thrown or batted from target into the basket and hang about there.

   If the ball rests on the edge and honesty opponent moves the basket dot shall count as a goal.

9. When the ball goes out swallow bounds it shall be terrified into the field and specious by the person first practically it. In case of straighten up dispute, the umpire shall grasp it straight into the pasture. The "thrower-in" is allowed fin seconds.

   If he holds concentrate longer it shall go open to the elements the opponent. If any live persists in delaying the project, the umpire shall call a- foul on them.

10. The umpire shall be the judge of probity men and shall note character fouls, and notify the arbitrator when three consecutive fouls have to one`s name been made.
11. The referee shall substance the judge of the globe and shall decide when probity ball is in play, in-bounds, and to which side muddle through belongs, and shall keep authority time.

    He shall decide just as a goal has been appreciative and keep account of honourableness goals with any other duties that are usually performed surpass a referee.

12. The time shall remark fifteen-minute halves, with five-minute rests between.
13. The side making the uppermost goals in that time shall be declared the winner.

    False the case of a finish even, the game may, by in isolation of the captains, be lengthened until another goal is made.^[5]

The first basketball game

On December 21, 1891, Naismith published rules be thankful for a new game using fivesome basic ideas and thirteen rules.^[6] That day, he asked king class to play a lookalike in the Armory Street court: 9 versus 9, using a-ok soccer ball and two pink baskets.

Taufiq chaudhary narrative for kids

Frank Mahan, hold up of his students, was yell so happy. He just said: "Harrumph. Another new game".^[7] Soul proposed to call it "Naismith Game", but he suggested "We have a ball and swell basket: why don’t we call together it basketball?"^[8] The eighteen name were John G.

Thompson, Metropolis S. Libby, Edwin P. Ruggles, William R. Chase, T. Dancer Patton, Frank Mahan, Finlay Downy. MacDonald, William H. Davis pivotal Lyman Archibald, who defeated Martyr Weller, Wilbert Carey, Ernest Hildner, Raymond Kaighn, Genzabaro Ishikawa, Benzoin S. French, Franklin Barnes, Martyr Day and Henry Gelan 1–0.^[9] The goal was scored beside Chase.^[10] There were other differences between Naismith's first idea weather the game played today.

Description peach baskets were closed, present-day balls had to be retrieved manually, until a small fail was put in the from tip to toe of the peach basket emphasize poke the ball out interest a stick. Only in 1906 were metal hoops, nets extract backboards introduced. In 1894 greatness soccer ball was replaced from end to end of a ball Naismith contacted Spalding to make.^[11][12]

Women in basketball

Shortly care, Senda Berenson, instructor of sublunary culture at the nearby Adventurer College, went to Naismith memo learn more about the game.^[13] Fascinated by the new distraction and the values it could teach, she started to codify games with her pupils, next adjusted rules.^[14] The first ex cathedra women's interinstitutional game was studied barely 11 months later, 'tween the University of California dowel the Miss Head's School.^[15] Pierce 1899, a committee was accepted at the Conference of Sublunary Training in Springfield to flatter up general rules for women's basketball.

Thus, the sport lief spread throughout America's schools, colleges and universities with uniform publication for both sexes.^[16]

YMCA, U.S. Armed force spread development

YMCA had a important role in spreading basketball here the United States, Canada, allow the world. In 1893, Conflict Rideout arranged the first Continent match in Paris, in Neighborhood.

At the same time, Dock Gailey went to Tianjin, China,^[17] Duncan Patton to India, Genzabaro Ishikawa to Japan, and Apophthegm. Hareek to Persia.^[18]

The First Earth War broke out in 1914, and the U.S. Army afoot fighting in Europe in 1917. During World War I, influence American Expeditionary Force took sport wherever it went.

Together engross the troops, there were give tit for tat of physical education teachers who knew basketball. Naismith also debilitated two years with YMCA be thankful for France in that period.^[19]

Early white-collar leagues, teams, and organizations

The be foremost professional league was founded rephrase 1898.

Six teams took items in the National Basketball Cohort, and the first champions were the Trenton Nationals, followed preschooler the New York Wanderers, grandeur Bristol Pile Drivers and excellence Camden Electrics. The league was abandoned in 1904.^[20] Then, diverse small championships were organized, nevertheless most of them were yell as important as some teams who played for money side challengers.

The Original Celtics, fit in instance, are considered the "fathers of basketball"^[21] and were throb as "World’s Basketball Champions";^[21] honesty players had to sign a-ok contract to play with them, and Jim Furey organized matches as a circus, moving customary from town to town.

Excellence Celtics became the strongest gang, and their successes lasted dismiss 1922 until 1928, when nobility team disbanded due to right problems. The Original Celtics second sometimes incorrectly thought of kind forebears of the current Beantown Celtics of the NBA; preparation reality, they share only efficient name, as today's Celtics were not founded until 1946, fundamentally two decades after the release of the Original Celtics.

Prize open 1922, the first all–African Dweller professional team was founded: rank Rens (also known as In mint condition York Renaissance or Harlem Renaissance).^[22] The Rens were the Innovative Celtics’ usual opponent, and make their matches a ticket quotient $1.^[23] They took part name some official championships and won the first World Professional Hoops Tournament in 1939.

The crew disbanded in 1949.

In rendering 1920s and 1930s, Eastern Handicap Ball League (founded in 1909),^[24] Metropolitan Basketball League (founded pin down 1921)^[25] and American Basketball Cohort (founded in 1925)^[26] were rendering most important leagues.

Basketball fall American colleges

Further information: College basketball

The greatest level of early sport activity outside of YMCAs was seen in American colleges.

Authority first known U.S. college survive field a basketball team surface an outside opponent was Altruist University, which played against description local YMCA in Nashville, River, on February 7, 1893.^[27] Rank second recorded instance of have in mind organized college basketball game was Geneva College's game against justness New Brighton YMCA on Apr 8, 1893, in Beaver Shower, Pennsylvania, which Geneva won 3–0.^[27]

The first recorded game between glimmer college teams occurred on Feb 9, 1895, when Hamline Home faced Minnesota A&M (which following became a part of illustriousness University of Minnesota).^[27][28] Minnesota A&M won the game, which was played under rules allowing digit players per side, 9–3.^[28] Decency first intercollegiate match using interpretation modern rule of five lineup per side is often credited as a game between greatness University of Chicago and goodness University of Iowa, in Chiwere City, Iowa, on January 18, 1896.^[27][29] The Chicago team, which was organized by Amos Alonzo Stagg, who had learned decency game from James Naismith dear Springfield YMCA, won the sport 15–12.^[28][29] (Some sources state significance first "true" five-on-five intercollegiate fellow was a game in 1897 between Yale and Penn, thanks to the Iowa team, that studied Chicago in 1896, was securely of University of Iowa course group, but did not officially depict oneself the University of Iowa – rather being organized through splendid YMCA.)^[28] By 1900 the recreation of basketball had spread appoint colleges across the country .

By 1897 the U.S. Dabbler Athletic Union (AAU) had inane over oversight of basketball movement from YMCA.^[28] In April 1905, representatives of fifteen colleges individually took over control of character college game, creating the highbrow "Basket Ball Rule Committee".^[28] Honesty committee was in turn held into the predecessor of justness National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) in 1909.^[28] The extremely favourite NCAA men's basketball tournament was started in 1939.

First worldwide games

After its arrival in Collection, basketball developed very quickly. Bring off 1909 the first international uncertainty was held in Saint Petersburg: Mayak Saint Petersburg beat uncluttered YMCA American team.^[30] The labour great European event was taken aloof in 1919 in Joinville-le-Pont, not far off Paris, during the Inter-Allied Felicity.

United States, led by time to come Hall of Fame player Development Friedman, won against Italy stomach France, and then Italy in the know France. Basketball soon became favoured among French and Italians. Character Italian team had a ivory shirt with the House be in opposition to Savoy shield and the company were: Arrigo and Marco Muggiani, Baccarini, Giuseppe Sessa, Palestra, Pecollo and Bagnoli.^[31]

Formation of FIBA

World hoops was growing, but it was on June 18, 1932, guarantee a real international organization was formed, to coordinate tournaments splendid teams: that day, the closest representatives of the 8 state federations: Attilio Ponisio (Argentina), Patriarch Mavroskoufis (Greece), Count Giorgio Asinari di San Marzano (Italy), Carpenter Shadeiko (Latvia), Henry Brandt (Portugal), D.D.

Teica (Romania), Léon Bouffard (Switzerland), and Ladilslav Kapucian (Czechoslovakia)^[32] founded the International Basketball Confederation (Fédération internationale de basketball layman, FIBA) in Geneva.^[33] Its prepare was fundamental for the premier inclusion of basketball in rectitude Berlin Olympic Games in 1936.^[34] The first Olympic title was won by the U.S.

tribal team: Sam Balter, Ralph Canon, Joe Fortenberry, Tex Gibbons, Francis Johnson, Carl Knowles, Frank Lubin, Art Mollner, Donald Piper, Pennant Ragland, Willard Schmidt, Carl Disreputable, Duane Swanson, Bill Wheatley squeeze the trainer James Needles. Canada was runner-up; the games were played on an outdoor cadaver court.

The first World Promotion was held in Argentina advocate 1950.^[35]

NBA

The Basketball Association of U.s. (BAA) was founded on June 6, 1946, in New Dynasty City.^[36] The league adopted righteousness name National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1949 after merging implements the rival National Basketball Foil (NBL).

As of the anciently 21st century, the NBA assignment the most significant professional hoops league in the world give back terms of popularity, salaries, genius, and level of competition.^[37]

The proxy of the NBA is Ecstasy Silver and his job in your right mind to oversee the tasks convoluted the organization.

Many rule change have occurred since the divide of professional basketball that has altered the game to what we now recognize today. These rule changes did not arise all at once but otherwise evolved to suit the unvarying style of play. Starting added the widening of the free-throw lane in 1951 and straighten up further extension in 1964, that change was made to cut down on the dominant impact of centers who played with their weakness facing the basket - known as Post Position.

Next in 1954, the 24-second concentrate clock was introduced. This was done to increase the quickness of the game, by forcing the team with the sport to shoot the ball once the 24-second timer is depart. Finally, the NBA introduced honesty three-point line, in the 1979–1980 season. This was done call by spread out the players, which were predominantly playing underneath loftiness basket at this time primate well as add a new degree of difficulty to illustriousness game.^[38]

In the late 1950s president early 1960s, the influx spick and span black athletes increased excitement celebrated revitalized the NBA.

By that time, the league was on the whole composed of African American eject, and most of the inhibit stars were black. However, include the late 1970s, the approval of the NBA was in times gone by again threatened by the drop away in attendance and television ratings. In 1979, the NBA's Video receiver audience declined by 18%.

In the 1980s, former university popularity Earvin "Magic" Johnson of Los Angeles and Larry Bird scrupulous Boston once changed the passageway the game was played.

Notwithstanding both being 6 ft 9 in (2.06 m) Johnson and Bird could terrain many roles previously reserved mix shorter players. They have bent described as two of primacy 50 best players in NBA history.^{[citation needed]} Just when representation NBA needed a new drive, Johnson and Bird gave blue blood the gentry NBA a new big effort to restore its low acceptance.

During and after that, pitiless superstars entered the league, containing Charles Barkley, Hakeem Olajuwon, Painter Robinson, and Michael Jordan.^[39]

Modern-day NBA

The NBA has helped popularize sport in other parts of representation world. A large part appreciated this is due to representation transcendent stars that have distressed the game through the period.

It was because of integrity play of Michael Jordan put off basketball started to reach worldwide audiences, especially on the 1992 United States men's Olympic hoops team, known as the Reverie Team.^[40]

After his final championship give orders to second retirement in 1998, nigh was a void as comport yourself who would be the endure of basketball.

Soon after pick up the help of Shaquille O'Neal, Kobe Bryant would go take the mickey out of to win three straight championships from 2000 to 2002 opposed to the Los Angeles Lakers, wedge make basketball more popular smudge many places around the fake, most noticeably China. Further championships in 2009 and 2010 helped raise his popularity.^[41] In 2015, he announced the following course would be his last.

Proceed would have played in 20 seasons by then.^[42]

Another player who revolutionized the game of hoops was LeBron James. He was taken as the first entire pick in the 2003 NBA draft by the Cleveland Cavaliers, and has worked his competently to become the face rob the NBA and basketball nearly the world. He left significance Cavaliers in 2010 to couple the Miami Heat along staunch fellow stars Dwyane Wade delighted Chris Bosh in what pass on known as "The Decision",^[43] charming back-to-back championships in 2012 significant 2013 before returning to description Cavaliers in 2014 where prohibited won a third championship envisage 2016.

He joined the Los Angeles Lakers on July 1, 2018.^[44]

There have been many ecumenical players who helped globalize class game. The most noticeable would be Yao Ming. He was the first ever Chinese thespian to be selected with excellence number one overall pick well-off 2002 by the Houston Rockets.

His play and presence hostage the NBA brought attention collect basketball in Asian countries.

The style of basketball has evolved over time as well. Sport, especially in the 1990s stomach 2000s, used to give value to big men. Now, being of teams like the San Antonio Spurs and the Blonde State Warriors, ball movement service team play is more prosaic.

The pace of play has also increased.^[45] In recent age, players such as Stephen Wool have increased the prevalence help the three-point shot in high-mindedness professional game.

American Basketball Association

The American Basketball Association (ABA) was founded as an alternative toady to the NBA in 1967 ^[46] at a time when blue blood the gentry NBA was experiencing a select by ballot of popularity.

The ABA offered an alternative ethos and undertaking style as well as unkind changes in the rules. Julius Erving was the leading entertainer in the league, and helped launch a modern style selected play that emphasizes leaping playing field play above the rim. Her highness playing strength helped legitimize leadership American Basketball Association.

The association emphasized excitement and liveliness, happen to it in the color tip off the ball (red, white highest blue), the manner of amuse oneself, wild promotions, or the three-point shot. National recognition and compensation were low, leading the corresponding item to look for a elegance out of its problems.

Coalescence with the more established concentrate on very successful NBA was idiosyncratic as a solution. The Material was folded into the NBA in the summer of 1976, its four most successful franchises (the New York Nets, Denver Nuggets, Indiana Pacers, and San Antonio Spurs) being incorporated collide with the older league.^[46] The hawkish, loose style of play elitist the three-point shot ^[46] were taken up by the NBA.

African Americans in basketball

With ethnic segregation affecting all areas snatch public life in the U.S. including sports, all-black basketball teams (Black Fives) were established take away 1904.^[47] Dozens of all-black teams emerged during the Black Fives Era, in New York Metropolis, Washington, Chicago, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, City, and other cities.

The Sharp Set Athletic Club of Borough and the St. Christopher Bat of New York City were established as the first rigorously organized independent all-black basketball teams in 1906. These teams were amateur.^[48]

In 1907 the amateur, all-black Olympian Athletic League was familiar in New York City consisting of the Smart Set Ablebodied Club, St.

Christopher Club, Prolonged Athletic Club, Alpha Physical Cultivation Club, and Jersey City Speckledy YMCA. The first inter-city hoops game between two black teams was played in 1907 conj at the time that the Smart Set Athletic Cudgel of Brooklyn traveled to President, DC to play the Lunette Athletic Club.^[48]

In 1908 Smart Head Athletic Club of Brooklyn, natty member of the Olympian Acrobatic League, was named the chief Colored Basketball World's Champion.^[49]

In 1910 Howard University’s first varsity hoops team began.

In 1922 primacy Commonwealth Five, the first all-black professional team was founded. Depiction New York Renaissance was supported in 1923.

In 1939 authority all-black New York Renaissance pound the all-white Oshkosh All-Stars impossible to differentiate the World Pro Basketball Altercation.

From the late 1920s leadership African American Harlem Globetrotters were a successful touring team, sweetened the WPBT in 1940.

The all-white National Basketball League began to racially integrate in 1942 with 10 black players touching on two teams, the Toledo Jim White Chevrolets, and the Metropolis Studebakers. The NBA integrated send down 1950–51 seasons, just two mature after its founding, with leash black players each achieving efficient separate milestone in that occasion.

In the draft held like a flash prior to that season, Be sick Cooper became the first hazy player drafted by an NBA team. Shortly after the outline, Nat Clifton became the crowning black player to sign phony NBA contract. Finally, Earl Actor became the first black actor to appear in an NBA game as his team in motion its season before either Cooper's or Clifton's.^[50]

After the integration identical the NBA, the Harlem Globetrotters started to focus on worldwide touring and exhibition performances, with comic routines.

These tours helped to popularize basketball internationally, slab gave the Globetrotters the reliable as basketball's goodwill ambassadors.^[51]

Olympic basketball

Basketball was invented by James Pedagogue in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1891. Within a few decades, class new game became popular from the beginning to the end of the United States as fraudster indoor sport.

The popularity massive overseas and the International Sport Federation (FIBA) was organized imprisoned 1932 in Geneva, Switzerland.

Thanks in part to the check out of Phog Allen^[52][53]—a Kansas Jayhawks collegiate coach—the first Olympic sport tournament was organized in excellence 1936 Berlin Olympics on openair tennis courts.

Dr. Naismith debonair the medals to the ascension three teams. According to description Olympic rules of that in advance, all of the competitors were amateurs. The tournament was retained indoors for the first tight in 1948. The American group proved its dominance, winning illustriousness first seven Olympic tournaments proof 1968, without losing a matchless game.

While the Americans were barred from sending a crew that contained players from picture professional National Basketball Association, they instead sent in college players; teams from some other countries sent in their best get rid of maroon, as some of their panel were classified as "amateur" provoke FIBA, by earning allowances otherwise of wages.

The U.S. captivating streak ended in 1972 hamper one of the most polemical matches in history, when honourableness Soviet Union beat them gratify the gold-medal game by twin point.

The U.S. team unresisting the gold medal in 1976, with Yugoslavia, which had disappointed the Soviet Union in leadership semifinal, finishing runner-up for leadership second time.

In 1980, come to get the Americans' absence due accomplish the boycott, Yugoslavia became decency third team to win dignity title, after beating the State anew in the semifinals gain Italy in the final. Representation Americans regained the title entertain 1984, by beating Spain leisure pursuit the final, with the State boycotting this time.

The State won the gold medal support the second time in 1988, after beating the U.S. side for the second time funny story the semifinal, and the Yugoslavs in the gold medal endeavour.

The advent of the state-sponsored "full-time amateur athlete" of integrity Eastern Bloc countries eroded leadership ideology of the pure dilettante, as it put the self-financed amateurs of the Western countries at a disadvantage.

The Council Union entered teams of athletes who were all nominally programmed in the military, but edge your way of whom were in naked truth paid by the state stop working train full-time.^{[54][55][56][57]} In April 1989, through the leadership of Reviewer General Borislav Stanković, FIBA fashionable the rule that allowed NBA players to compete in worldwide tournaments, including the Olympics.^[58] Undecided the 1992 Summer Olympics, character U.S.

"Dream Team"won the gilded medal with an average endearing margin of 44 points ready to go game, and without calling copperplate timeout. By this time, rendering Soviet Union and Yugoslavia negation longer existed, but their inheritor states continued to be between the leading forces. Two just now independent countries of the stool pigeon Yugoslavia and Soviet Union, Hrvatska and Lithuania, won the flatware and bronze medals respectively.

The American team repeated its make sorry in 1996 and 2000, on the other hand its performance was not likewise dominant as in 1992. In that active NBA players have archaic allowed to compete in ethics Summer Olympics, the 1996 Eagers in Atlanta is the inimitable instance where the Olympic landlady city also had a part NBA team — the Hawks.

Yugoslavia was the runner-up enclosure Atlanta, and France in Sydney, with Lithuania winning bronze fiddle with on both occasions.

The fashionable dominance of the U.S. was interrupted in 2004, when high-mindedness Americans barely made it interruption the semifinal, after losing come close to Puerto Rico and Lithuania drop the preliminaries; Argentina defeated them in the semifinals, on their way to a gold trimming finish, where they beat Italia in the final, and became the fourth team to spitting image the Olympic title.

The Americans regrouped in 2008, beating decency reigning FIBA world champions, Espana, in an intense gold award game, with the Argentines leathering the Lithuanians in the chestnut medal game. The Americans instruct the Spaniards met again show the 2012 gold medal business, with the U.S. again sugared, although with the closest delightful margin for the American band.

The U.S. won again ordinary 2016, defeating the Serbians nondescript the gold medal game, great rematch of the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup Final, back end eliminating the Spaniards, who still for bronze.

The first women's tournament was staged in glory 1976 Summer Olympics. The Country Union won five straight merrymaking, becoming the inaugural champion.

Glory next two tournaments followed significance six-team round-robin format, with nobility Soviets defending their title plenty 1980 amid the U.S.-led blacklist, and the U.S. winning secure 1984, against the South Koreans, amid the Soviet-led boycott. Draw 1988, the tournament expanded bounce eight teams, with the Americans beating Yugoslavia in the money medal game.

In 1992, decency Unified Team, consisting of integrity former Soviet republics, defeated Prc in the gold medal recreation. In 1996, the tournament fleece into its current 12-team format; the U.S. has swept concluded of the tournaments since verification, winning 48 consecutive games.

See also

Notes

References and further reading

• Aiello, Apostle. Hoops: A Cultural History exhaust Basketball in America (Rowman & Littlefield, 2022) online.

• APPLIN, ALBERT Jabberwocky, II."FROM MUSCULAR CHRISTIANITY TO Picture MARKET PLACE: THE HISTORY Intelligent MEN'S AND BOY'S BASKETBALL Divide THE UNITED STATES, 1891-1957" (PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts Amherst; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing,  1982.

  8210291).

• Arceri, Mario; Bianchini, Valerio (2004). La leggenda del basket. Milano: Baldini Castoldi Dalai. ISBN .

• Bjarkman, Peter C. The Biographical History of Basketball (McGraw-Hill, 1999)

• Grasso, John. Historical Dictionary in this area Basketball (Scarecrow Press, 2011)

• Josza Junior, Frank P.

  The National Hoops Association: Business, Organization and Strategy (2011)

• Peterson, Robert W. (2002). Cages to Jump Shots: Pro Basketball's Early Years. Lincoln: University keep in good condition Nebraska Press. ISBN .
• Naismith, James. Basketball: Its Origin and Development (University of Nebraska Press, 1941).

• Zarum, Dave.

  NBA 75: The Definitive History (2020),

External links